Bond Coupons, Duration and Rate Risk.

Question 1 Bond Coupons, Duration and Rate Risk.
The goal is to show that the rate risk in bonds depends on time to maturity and on size of coupons. Consider the following 4 US Treasury bonds (par value $100):
Bond A is a 2.5-year bond with a 5% coupon rate.
Bond B is a 30-year bond with a 5% coupon rate.
Bond C is a 2.5-year bond with a 10% coupon rate.
Bond D is a 30-year bond with a 10% coupon rate.
Assume that all bonds pay semi-annual coupons (ie, bond that has a 4% coupon, pays 2% every 6 months) and are trading at a 7% yield ( with semi-annual compounding) and
Q. 1.1 Write down the general formula for pricing these bonds and compute the current price for each of these bonds.
Q. 1.2 Calculate duration of bonds A and C and explain differences in their durations

 

Sample Solution

Duration is a measure of the sensitivity of the price of a bond or other debt instrument to a change in interest rates. A bond’s duration is easily confused with its term or time to maturity because certain types of duration measurements are also calculated in years. However, a bond’s term is a linear measure of the years until repayment of principal is due; it does not change with the interest rate environment. Duration, on the other hand, is non-linear and accelerates as the time to maturity lessens. Duration can measure how long it takes, in years, for an investor to be repaid the bond’s price by the bond’s total cash flows

To continue with, by getting into a group of more “technologically developed” countries and companies, firms can benefit in improving their production. More specifically, by integrating with larger companies, firms incorporate better technological equipment. As a result, firms can produce more efficiently and hence, enhance their profits.

At this point it would be useful to mention the phenomenon of “government subsidizing”. When a government notices a decrease in the country’s GDP (i.e. deficit) due to great import of products, which is expensive and in some cases time consuming, it aims to increase the domestic production. By subsidizing small firms, companies/firms will result in greater production and will therefore commence exporting. In that way, companies will become increase their popularity and eventually become multinational.

However, it is of great importance for firms to obey to specific criteria in order for them to be in fact considered “multinational”.

It is true, that the improvement of technological equipment, transportation of products and development of production processes and communications play a great role in the consideration of a company as “multinational”.

Neil H. Jacoby proposes that a multinational corporation evolves from six stages. The first stage is exporting its products to foreign countries.

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