Book analysis

 

Facione, P. A., & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Think critically (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.

This textbook is available as an e-book and can be accessed from the module view.
Textbook: Chapter 8, 9

 

1. Based on what you have read in the text, the lecture, and any other sources you find helpful to your understanding of deductive arguments, explain the structure of a deductive argument in your own words.

2.Go to the box “Deductive Reasoning” (in the beginning of Chapter 8). Read the last paragraph there. Based on that reading and any other sources you find helpful to your understanding, describe the part that “rules, operating conditions, core beliefs, values, policies, principles, procedures, and terminology” (p. 159) play in deductive arguments.

3. In the introduction to Chapter 8, the text sets forth a specific definition of the term “valid” as it applies to deductive arguments. What is that definition?

4.Use the following template to create a valid Denying the Consequent argument example:

If_________________ then _______________

It is not the case that ______________________

Therefore, it is not the case that ________________

5. Use the following template to create a valid Affirming the Antecedent argument example:

If_______________ then____________

________________________________

Therefore _______________________

6. Jack says: “I can enroll full time this semester, or I can buy a car. I think going to school full time is the better option for me, so I’ll have to put off buying car.” What name does the text give to this argument structure?

 

7. In addition to if/then and either/or, there are other terms that, when used correctly, can create valid argument templates. Using the three deductive statements below, create five (5) valid deductive arguments. To make your life easier, you can use the key words at the end of the statement to fill in the template.

Statement A: Tuition increases 5 percent per academic year. (Tuition increases)

Statement B: I must graduate in no more than two years. (Graduate two years)

Statement C: I have legal access to unlimited amounts of cash. (Unlimited cash)

Example: For a template such as “Either A or B. Not A. Therefore B” you would answer: “Either tuition increases, or I graduate in two years. Tuition will not increase. Therefore, I will graduate in two years.” Do this for all five templates.

Templates

Either A, B, or C. Not C. So, A or B.
It is not the case that both A and B are true. So, either A is not true or B is not true.
Neither B nor C is true. So, B is false.
B unless C. Not B. So, C.
A only if B. A. Therefore, B.
Check the Logical Strength of each argument you have written. If it lacks logical strength, check the table Grammatically Equivalent Structures (in Chapter 8) to be sure you are interpreting the words correctly.

 

8.Transivity, reflexivity, and identity refer to what kind of reasoning?

 

9. Using what you learned in Chapter 8 section Applying a Generalization, construct an argument proving that your Chamberlain major will place you in the category of healthcare worker.

 

10. A local newspaper serving a mid-sized U.S. city whose population is about 300,000 surveyed 40 retail businesses. Of the businesses surveyed, 70% said they were planning little or no hiring of extra workers during the coming Christmas season. The newspaper concluded that consumer spending would likely be down for Christmas this year, since retailers were not anticipating extra holiday business. Evaluate the newspaper’s generalization about consumer holiday spending using what you have learned in Chapter 9, including the four questions suggested by the text:

Was the correct group sampled?
Were the data obtained in an effective way?
Were enough cases considered?
Was the sample representatively structured?

 

11. Go to Individual Exercises at the end of Chapter 9. Example 9 concludes that “the American people are opposed to the President’s health care reform legislation” (p. 190). Using the Four Tests for Evaluating Arguments found in Section 7.2 of the text, and keeping in mind all that you have learned from Chapters 7-9, evaluate the worthiness of Example 9, beginning with the Test of Logical Strength. Remember, if the argument fails a test, you do not need to go further. Give a detailed explanation in support of your evaluation. If the argument contains a fallacy, explain what you think the fallacy is?

 

12.What is a correlation? What is a statistically significant correlation?

 

13. Go to Individual Exercises at the end of Chapter 9. Go to Example 12. What test does this argument fail? What fallacy does the argument contain?

 

 

 

Sample Solution

Canada is a venerated nation in the North American landmass for its benevolent individuals, serene legislative issues, awesome untamed life, and significantly more. Be that as it may, for individuals who live outside this nation (second biggest regarding zone), the historical backdrop of this country may not be known or comprehended. So as to see how Canada turned into the nation it is presently, a review will be given.

Canada has experienced a long history before its Constitution was patriated in 1982. Truth be told, it starts with the pre-contact native timetable. As indicated by Britannica.com, “North America’s first people relocated from Asia, probably over a presently submerged land connect from Siberia to Alaska at some point around 12,000 years prior, during the last Ice Age; it has additionally been contended, in any case, that a few people showed up before, conceivably as long as 60,000 years back. Obscure quantities of individuals moved southward along the western edge of the North American ice top. The nearness of the ice, which for a period for all intents and purposes secured Canada, makes it sensible to expect that the southern scopes of North America were settled before Canada, and that the Inuit (Eskimo) who live in Canada’s Arctic locales today were the remainder of the native people groups to arrive at Canada” (Nicholson, Norman L., and Roger D. Corridor). Before Europeans came, around 12 dialects were created by the locals of the land, and these dialects were found in different societies and clans. In the end, the Iroquois Confederacy was sorted out, which comprised of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca people groups, and in the long run the Tuscarora.

In these clans, and all through the Iroquois Confederacy, there was blend of agribusiness and chasing. Likewise, a few gatherings had a significant level of political, strict, social, and exchanging association. As indicated by Britannica.com, “The one trademark for all intents and purposes every one of the gatherings in precontact Canada shared was that they were self-administering and politically free” (Nicholson, Norman L., and Roger D. Corridor). Despite the fact that the inevitable European pilgrims and trespassers portrayed the locals now and then as savages, this was induced out of obliviousness.

The principal European wayfarers of the Canadian area were Vikings from Iceland, where they came to Labrador and Newfoundland. There are as yet the remaining parts of their settlements in these zones (Citizenship Canada). The locals and Vikings didn’t get along so well at first, in spite of the fact that they inevitably exchanged together, as indicated by accessible proof (Nicholson, Norman L., and Roger D. Corridor). After the Vikings in the long run fled the locale, John Cabot (otherwise known as Giovanni Caboti), an Italian guide happened upon this land. As indicated by the Canadian Encyclopedia, “Cabot and his team were the second gathering of Europeans to arrive at what might become Canada, chasing after Norse voyagers 1000 CE. Regardless of not yielding the exchange course Cabot sought after, the 1497 journey gave England a case to North America and information on a colossal new fishery” (“John Cabot”). Despite the fact that the Northwest Passage was not discovered, another piece of the British angling industry rose up out of this journey. It likewise started exchange between the locals and Europeans, however they were suspicious of one another.

The first asserting of land in Canada was by the French. As expressed by Canada.ca, “Somewhere in the range of 1534 and 1542, Jacques Cartier made three journeys over the Atlantic, guaranteeing the land for King Francis I of France. Cartier heard two caught guides express the Iroquoian word kanata, signifying “town.” By the 1550s, the name of Canada started showing up on maps” (Citizenship Canada). After these journeys, the main French settlement was built. As per Britannica, “… the French ruler, restless to challenge the cases of Spain in the New World, chose to set up a braced settlement. Inside and European governmental issues deferred the undertaking until 1541, when, under the order of Jean-François de La Rocque, sieur (master) de Roberval, Cartier came back to Stadacona and established Charlesbourg-Royal only northwest of Quebec” (Nicholson, Norman L., and Roger D. Lobby). In spite of the fact that the French didn’t find jewels and different valuable things in their new land, they despite everything made a case for the territory that they “found.”

Increasingly French settlement action proceeded for the sake of rivaling the Spanish. As indicated by Britannica, “In 1604 the French pilot Samuel de Champlain, under Pierre du Gua, sieur de Monts, who had gotten an award of the imposing business model, drove a gathering of pilgrims to Acadia. He picked as a site Dochet Island (Île Sainte-Croix) in the St. Croix River, on the present limit between the United States and Canada. However, the island demonstrated inadmissible, and in 1605 the state was moved over the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal (presently Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia)” (Nicholson, Norman L., and Roger D. Corridor). In spite of the fact that the settlement was made as a hide exchanging post, its water frameworks (streams) were too hard to even think about getting through for the proficient conveyance of products. This settlement in the end moved, and they likewise engaged in associated fighting with the locals. As indicated by Discover Canada, “In 1608 Champlain constructed a fortification at what is currently Québec City. Champlain unified the province with the Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron, notable adversaries of the Iroquois, a confederation of five (later six) First Nations who struggled with the French settlements for a century. The French and the Iroquois made harmony in 1701” (Citizenship Canada). Not at all like in the United States, the pioneers were increasingly deferential towards the locals, and even battled for the privileges of specific clans.

In the consequent years, England, the Netherlands, and furthermore Scotland attempted to guarantee portions of Canada as their very own through exchange and fighting. The locals additionally got more interlaced in the matter of hide exchange, and even battled among clans for authority over exchange. Rivalry for the district was in exchange, land, and religion, with Catholics, Jesuits, and Protestants all needing to guarantee their own in this new land. Progressively intricate governments and unions were made to deal with the area with more noteworthy impact. With numerous nations competing for Canada at its new home, the British in the end made it another piece of its domain, with the French taking a littler bit in its overseeing and impact. Since 1848, mindful government was set up by the British, however Britain despite everything had control over the area until 1931, with the Statute of Westminster. It expressed that Canada had a similar position as the United Kingdom. With this affirmation, it took a few additional decades until Canada made its very own Constitution, in 1982. Be that as it may, with Canada presently being a parliamentary majority rule government and an established government, Queen Elizabeth II is still observed as the head of state (Nicholson, Norman L., and Roger D. Corridor).

Numerous subtleties couldn’t be expounded on in this little space, yet I trust the movement of this extraordinary nation was clarified. Canada was first populated by socially, profoundly, strictly, and etymologically complex individuals, with 12 dialects and numerous clans. The Vikings were the primary Europeans to dare to the place that is known for Canada yet didn’t remain for long. Italian John Cabot, contracted by Britain, investigated the district, and started an angling industry there. The French came before long, guaranteeing land as their own in the zone of Quebec. After New France was established, British, Dutch, and different pilgrims for different nations battled for the exchange, land, and even religion of this new spot. Coalitions with the locals were made for exchange and religion, and wars began to be battled under the standard of exchange, religion, and land ownage. In any case, after numerous exhausting fights between the French and British, Canada in the long run went under the influence of the British Empire, and stayed so until the Canadian Constitution was patriated in 1982. From that point on, Canada shook off the shackles of reliance on Britain, and has remained generally monetarily and legislatively stable since.

Works Cited

Nicholson, Norman L., and Roger D. Lobby. “Canada.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 Dec. 2018, www.britannica.com/place/Canada/History.

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