Sample Solution

n the other side a Grand National assembly made a decision that to abolish caliphate disappointed the Muslim masses but Allama Muhammad Iqbal considered it Ijtehad and argued that according to spirit of Islam Caliphate can be vested in a body of persons or an elected Assembly. (Iqbal, 1989)

On 8 July 1921, Molana Muhammad Ali presided over a session of the Khilafat Conference in Karachi, in which he warned the British Government: ‘if the British Government fought the Angola Government, the Muslims of India would resort to civil disobedience, proclaim complete independence and hoist the flag of the Indian Republic at the Ahmadabad session of the Indian National Congress” (Wasti, 1976).

Materially, Kamal’s strong support came from the Indian Muslims, who saw nationalist Turkey as the only independent Muslim nation. The Khilafat Committee in Bombay started a fund to help the Turkish nationalist struggle, establishing contact with a representative of Kamal in Constantinople who received constant letters of encouragement. Part of the Indian Muslims fund, which eventually amounted to some 125,000 pounds was used to pay the army. (Ali, 2001)

When Mustfa Kamal dislodged Greek forces from Turkish territories in 1921 he was highly applauded by the leaders of the All India Muslim League and they passed a resolution in this regard in the December. He emancipated the Turkish areas completely from the European control in 1922 and declared Turkey as an independent Republic and became the president of Modern Turkey in the same year until his death in November 1938. He tried to bring revolutionary changes in the Modern Turkey. He instituted new education system and introduced many reforms in all fields and departments of life to bring his country at par with the Modern Europe. He encouraged and promoted the modern European lif