Cancer immunotherapy

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Cancer cells are defined through the acquisition of a new set of biological functions referred to as the “Hallmarks of Cancer”. These transformed cells can then interfere with organ function, and ultimately, host survival. In Week 10 of this course we’ve learned about (a) the mechanisms that tumors use to evade immune responses, and (b) certain types of therapies used to boost the ability of the body’s own immune system to recognize and kill cancerous cells, which are often referred to as cancer or tumor immunotherapies. Your understanding of these topics means that you are now equipped with the terminology and conceptual knowledge to research how certain cancer immunotherapies function to kill cancerous cells and protect the host from the detrimental effects of tumor outgrowth.

For this week’s discussion board, please pick a cancer immunotherapy agent, and present a summary of this immunotherapy that addresses the following questions:

What is the name of this therapeutic agent, and which types of cancers or tumors is it often used to treat?
What is the mechanism of action of this therapy? Please provide details about the cell types and signaling pathways that are targeted.
What is the route of administration for this drug, and how often does it need to be administered?
Are there any known side effects of using this therapy? Are patients left more susceptible to certain types of autoimmune disorders or infections?
What is the prognosis for patients that are successfully treated with this therapy?

You can pick an immunotherapy that from those listed below:

Nivolumab or pembrolizumab (anti-PD1)
Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4)
Rituximab (anti-CD20)
Zevalin/Ibritumomab tiuxetan (anti-CD20 conjugated to yttrium-90)
Anti-CD19 CAR T cells (many different types; Yescarta and Kymriah are 2 examples)
Anti-CD19 CAR NK cells (several types; TAK-007 is a specific product in clinical trials)
Provenge/Sipuleucel-T (dendritic cell vaccine)
Herceptin/trastuzumab (anti-HER2)
T-DM1/Trastuzumab emtansine (anti-HER2 conjugated to mertansine)
Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist)
Dynavax/CpG1018 (TLR9 agonist)
Hu5F9-G4 (anti-CD47)
Bemcentinib (TAM receptor inhibitor)

 

Sample Solution

Cancer immunotherapy

Rituximab was the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for therapeutic use. Rituximab is approved to be used in alone or with other drugs to treat adults with: B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that is CD20 positive; patients with follicular lymphoma or low-grade lymphoma that has relapsed or is refractory (doesn’t respond to treatment); and it is used alone as maintenance therapy in patients who are having a complete or partial response to rituximab and chemotherapy. The direct effects of rituximab include complement-mediated cytotoxity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxity, and the indirect effects include structural changes, apoptosis, and sensitization of cancer cells to chemotherapy.

nce though. It is fate that decides their lives. For example, Juliet senses that her forbidden love with Romeo may end up in some tragic manner. This shows that Juliet is subconsciously aware that her love is bound by fate, and that despite her happiness, it may end in a terrible way. This also shows that Romeo and Juliet’s fate is decided from the moment they met. In addition, when the two families discover the bodies of their dead children, their hatred for each other is lifted, as they realize what horror it has brought upon them. This shows that the fate of the two lovers was used for a greater purpose in uniting their families. It also shows that fate works in mysterious ways, using death to bring forth a new sort of life. Romeo and Juliet were destined to die, in order for the shroud of bitterness to be lifted from their two families.

Death is the ultimate fate of all people. It is the only sure constant. However, there are events in life that are set beforehand. The paths people choose, whether they are by chance or done deliberately decide how they get to these events. When Romeo and Juliet met, their fates were bound together because of this choice. Though it was through love that they sacrificed themselves, they were also fulfilling a greater purpose, and sealing their destinies together.

Analysis

This sample English paper employs a counterargument paragraph, which is unusual for an early high school essay. The next paragraph employs a good transition that introduces the reader to the main argument. While this essay has a tendency to use clichéd language – “the shroud of bitterness” in the third paragraph – it is well-written and organized. It could be improved by adding actual quotes from the text, not mere paraphrasing, to get a better sense of how Shakespeare incorporates fate and chance into the play.

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