Read the following articles and news reports about cancer detection and treatment in the US. Respond to the
following questions. You will need to do your own math for the question on Bayes’ Theorem.
https://www.npr.org/2020/10/26/927743332/how-houston-clinics-are-catching-up-with-backlog-in-mammograms
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening
Respond briefly to the NPR article. How might COVID-19 impact the detection and treatment of other
illnesses? Using the prevalence of breast cancer (1% of women over age 50) Sensitivity (90%) and Specificity
(90%) of mammograms in general, How many women over 50 (per 1000) that have cancer may be
undiagnosed in a year?
There are approximately 60 million women over age 50 in the US. If we lost 6 months of screening time due to
COVID, how many women might have missed or delayed a diagnosis? Use your Bayes’ Theorem information,
the USPTF information, and the population to produce a rough estimate.
Read the Cancer and Work document. What information does this provide about how a cancer diagnosis
effects full time work?
Skim (this is a more challenging document) the Financial Hardship document. Pay special attention to Table 2
and Table 3. Which characteristics are most likely to predict a high out of pocket burden, material financial
hardship, and psychological financial hardship? What conclusions do the authors offer?
What conclusion can you draw from these documents, and your knowledge of insurance, with regard to cancer,
work, finances, and insurance?
Question 1
Respond briefly to the NPR article. How might COVID-19 impact the detection and treatment of other
illnesses?
Question 2
Complete a Bayes’ Theorem Matrix. Using the prevalence of breast cancer (1% of women over age 50)
Sensitivity (90%) and Specificity (90%) of mammograms in general, How many women over 50 (per 1000) that
have cancer may be undiagnosed in an average year?
Question 3
There are approximately 60 million women over age 50 in the US. If we lost 6 months of screening time due to
COVID-19, how many women might have missed or delayed a diagnosis? Use your Bayes’ Theorem
information, the USPTF information, and the population to produce a rough estimate.
Question 4
Read the Cancer and Work document. What information does this provide about how a cancer diagnosis
effects full time work?
Question 5
Skim (this is a more challenging document) the Financial Hardship document. Pay special attention to Table 2
and Table 3. Which characteristics are most likely to predict a high out of pocket burden, material financial
hardship, and psychological financial hardship? What conclusions do the authors offer?
Question 6
What conclusion can you draw from these documents, and your knowledge of insurance, with regard to cancer,
work, finances, and insurance? Explain.
From the earliest starting point of time, authority has been the center in executing our day by day life. Initiative is a procedure of where an individual alludes as pioneer controls, oversee or teach someone else or a gathering so as to accomplish the objective while executing their assignments. Authority exists in an association, relative and furthermore during learning process. A decent pioneer as a rule delivers a decent result. For instance in an association, a great chief consistently guarantees that their representatives finish their deals with plan and get all the help they require to finish their undertaking. Pioneer is the focal point of gathering power structure that keeps the gathering firm together and keeps them pushing ahead at a relentless energy. Administration attributes might be classified as an individual example that reflects in the manner they lead a gathering or an association. Moreover, administration style can likewise be characterized in a few styles. Among them are vote based and totalitarian authorities. The meaning of equitable administration is somebody who hears their colleague’s voice, engage representatives and somebody who has the power to settle on a ultimate conclusion. While dictatorial initiative is somebody who exceptionally unequivocal individual, control their representatives and somebody who has utilize their expert in settling on a ultimate conclusion without hear their worker’s voice. Both of law based and totalitarian initiative make amazing job, however there additionally exist the extraordinary and likenesses between them in their points of interest, burdens and furthermore the best time to utilize the majority rule and absolutist authority.
Popularity based originated from Greek’s words and call as demos and kratos, Demos signifies “individuals” and Kratos signifies “power” or “authority”. Majority rule initiative is participative, worker focused and worried about the relations with their colleagues. For instance in association setting, when the pioneers have a decent association with their representative, this will make it simpler for the pioneers to comprehend their worker’s concern and unravel it rapidly. These will give a favorable position to the organization since they remain to one another and trust one another. The outcomes will be incredible on the grounds that they have numerous thought and imagination given by the representatives. This sort of initiative can urge individuals to like their contribution and make a lovely workplace for the representatives. All things considered, vote based administrations likewise have their shortcoming or impediments in their prosperity. The basic leadership can be a since quite a while ago drawn one since each colleague should be counseled and the pioneer can here and there being hesitant in settling on choice because of the numerous assessment that originated from all part that take an interest. This initiative style can’t be use when the venture is in a pressing stage. For instance in learning process, the group has given a brief timeframe to complete their last task. With the five individuals and one pioneer in the group, they attempt to complete their undertaking. Be that as it may, because of the absence of time, the group stuck in the advancement of making it achievement. Moreover, the pioneer some of the time turns into a remorseful. This additionally can be a shortcoming of vote based initiative on the grounds that the representatives know the shortcoming of their pioneer. Coincidentally, the best time to utilize this administration is the point at which the quality is a higher priority than effiency or profitability of the task.
Next is about imperious administration that originated from Greek’s words. Call as auto which signifies “self” and Kratos signifies “power” or “authority”. The despotic initiatives have a particular expert connection between the pioneers and the adherents. Dictatorial administrations is unequivocal individual, order initiative and occupation focused. Besides, choice will be made by the pioneers that have the position. It will be offer preferred position to association, for example, the military or aviation based armed forces in light of the fact that the pioneer needs to give choice in sharp and speedy time. For instance, there is circumstances in the class where there are a few understudies are tormented. The class screen needs to settle the contentions between them without the need to ask the colleagues on what should he do on the grounds that despot chief will choose the choice by his self. Also, the totalitarian initiatives give a solid inspiration and fulfillment to the pioneers. Be that as it may, the imperious authorities likewise have its inconveniences. This current administration’s style is regularly ordered as a childish individual. The pioneer couldn’t care less and doesn’t need hear what are been told by their colleague. This sort of connections could raise faculties of disappointment, low resolve, and struggle among colleagues. What’s more, in a long haul impact this can cause the negative considerations toward the pioneer just as ineffective workplace. For instance in political setting, the supporters need to pursue the pioneer’s choice, and yet he additionally needs to tune in to his adherent on their supposition and recommendation in settling on the best choice for everybody. On the off chance that the pioneer neglects to tune in and disregard his supporters, at that point this will make a crack among devotees with isolated conclusion on how their pioneer should act. Besides, trust could be an issue, a few feels that they are not being confided in enough in helping improving an answer.
In work point of view, on the off chance that I as representative were allowed to pick which authority style will be suite me, I for one would like to pick the law based administrations since its suits me more contrast with dictatorial initiative. On the off chance that I were a pioneer as well, I’m additionally will pick vote based initiative. In light of my experience of being a pioneer, I find that my trademark suit law based authority as opposed to totalitarian administration on the grounds that my character would additionally upgrade my capacity of being a pioneer. I likewise have had a lot of being a pioneer while executing despotic style and I didn’t appreciate it. Despite the fact that, I effectively ready to deal with my group, I battle to make it as fruitful when contrast with vote based. Consequently, I would state that I’m significantly more of a sure pioneer when I’m ready to do it as democrat pioneer. I appreciate great association with the individuals who I’m working with. I realize I could rely on them as much as they had put their trust on me. To me, the relations between the individuals are extremely significant.
I can presume that not every person can be a pioneer. Some are destined to be a pioneer, while others need to learn dependent on experience to be a fruitful pioneer. Everybody is diverse consequently their usage would be unique. A few chiefs are severe and others are perhaps a delicate heart, yet paying little mind to whom is it they first need to get themselves and evaluate circumstance they are in to make the best out of what they have. The shortcoming in fair could be a quality in other situation. The individuals who might hurry to stamp their expert in an association or gathering would make some hard memories to be a pioneer. Yet, a pioneer is extremely significant in an association, colleagues, and furthermore assumes an imperative job in family. What’s more, pioneers likewise help to motivate their colleagues to make an accomplishment in accomplishing something. An inability to impact the colleagues is a marker of initiative disappointment. A compelling pioneer is an individual that has a character, capability, fortitude and empathy. These are the parts that enable them to lead their subordinates the correct way.