Catholic Teachings on Key Theological Topics

God as Trinity

The Catholic Church understands God as a Trinity, consisting of three distinct persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. These three persons are co-equal and co-eternal. The Trinity is the central mystery of the Christian faith, revealed in the New Testament and affirmed by the Church throughout history.

Salvation through the Paschal Mystery

According to Catholic teaching, salvation is achieved through the Paschal Mystery of Jesus Christ, which encompasses his passion, death, resurrection, and ascension. Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross atones for the sins of humanity, and his resurrection offers the hope of eternal life. Through faith in Jesus Christ, individuals can be reconciled with God and receive the gift of salvation.

Eschatology: Death and the Afterlife

Catholic eschatology focuses on the end times and the ultimate destiny of humanity. The Church teaches that death is a separation of the soul from the body. After death, the soul will be judged by God, and those who have died in a state of grace will experience eternal life in heaven. Those who have died in a state of sin will experience eternal punishment in hell. The Church also believes in the possibility of purgatory, a state of purification for souls who are not yet ready for heaven but are not condemned to hell.

Freedom

The Catholic Church emphasizes the importance of human freedom, which is understood as the ability to choose between good and evil. Freedom is a gift from God, and it is essential for human flourishing. However, freedom can also be misused, leading to sin and alienation from God.

Virtues

The Catholic Church identifies four cardinal virtues: prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. These virtues are considered fundamental to a virtuous life and are necessary for achieving salvation. In addition to the cardinal virtues, there are also seven theological virtues: faith, hope, love, wisdom, understanding, counsel, and fortitude. These virtues are infused by God and enable individuals to live a holy life.

Sin

Sin is understood as a violation of God’s law and a rejection of God’s love. Original sin is the inherited condition of humanity that inclines us to sin. Actual sin is a deliberate act that violates God’s commandments. The Church teaches that sin can be forgiven through repentance and the sacraments, particularly through the Sacrament of Reconciliation.