Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Systemic and Oral Correlation

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What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Present the correlation between COPD and the effect it may have on a person’s dental health. Be sure to include medications and their effects systemically and or​‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍​ally, and any triggers or risk factors. Are there any differences between adults and children? Try to include a layman’s perspective of what COPD is for those who may not understand medical terminology. Include any pertinent information you can think of (maybe a case study example, recent news article, abnormal findings, et​‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍​c).

 

 

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Systematic and Oral Correlation

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum) production and wheezing. It`s typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People with severe COPD have poor dental hygiene practices and reduced oral health-related quality of life. Barriers to adequate dental care are not well described in COPD individuals but could potentially include impaired mobility due to illness or use of oxygen, continued smoking, or access to dental insurance. Improved oral hygiene may decrease adverse lower respiratory tract events.

The most typical unconventional drilling method is the implementation of horizontal wells. They are drilled vertically downwards until reaching the target source layer and curve into a horizontal direction which runs a long distance laterally to give the wellbores extended contact with the formation. The advantage of horizontal wells is the long and constant exposure to source rocks. For example, a vertical well piercing a 30m-thick layer would only have 30m of exposure to the oil and gas interval, whereas a horizontal well would have several hundreds of exposures.

Figure. The cartoon shows the difference between conventional (right) and unconventional (left) drilling methods. The branches extended on the horizontal well are the representatives of hydraulic fracturing.

https://www.croftsystems.net/oil-gas-blog/conventional-vs.-unconventional

Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, further extends the drainage pattern around horizontal wellbores by creating fracture patterns that facilitate flow. Fracking injects a high-pressure ‘fracking fluid’ (primarily water, sand and chemicals) into a wellbore to create cracks in the rock formations which release the oil and gas inside. (https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/overview-hydraulic-fracturing-and-other-formation-stimulation-technologies-shale-gas-0) This method is now widely used world-wild, ensuring the US and Canada to have constant gas supply for 100 years and has presented an opportunity to generate electricity at half the CO2 emissions of coal. (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14432401)

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is another method used to open up large deposits below the surface and produce heavy crude oil and bitumen. It is an advanced form of steam stimulation in which a pair of horizontal wells are drilled into the oil reservoir, one a few meters above the other. High

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