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Define service-oriented architecture. Explain how service-oriented architecture works.
Explain how webpages differ from web services.
Discuss what it means for a web service to be interoperable.

Sample Solution

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a type of software architecture that allows different computer applications to communicate and exchange data over a network. It consists of small, loosely coupled services that each perform specific tasks or functions, and can be combined in various ways to create larger, more complex applications. SOA is based on the idea that any task or feature can be broken down into smaller components, allowing for greater flexibility and scalability when developing new systems and applications. This makes it an ideal choice for organizations with large IT infrastructures or those who need to quickly integrate existing technologies without major changes or modifications.

At its core, SOA works by using “services” which are API calls made between two different programs through some kind of communication protocol such as XML RPC (remote procedure call). These services are typically grouped together into logical units called “service aggregates” which allow developers to build upon one another’s work rather than having to create everything from scratch. The combination of these service aggregates makes up the overall architecture which provides a modular approach for building complex systems while also ensuring separation of concerns between layers (AlKilani et al., 2018).

To ensure successful implementation, SOA requires careful planning during its design stage in order create an efficient system with just enough functionality meet user requirements but still remains flexible enough accommodate future growth if needed (Keramatifar et al., 2019). Additionally due its nature as distributed platform security must be taken into account since many services run behind single firewall thus making them vulnerable attacks such man-in-middle type scenarios where malicious actors could gain access private data stored within system itself (Eskander & Mahmud 2020).

Overall, service oriented architectures provide businesses with means creating complex systems out numerous independent components hence allowing them reap benefits like faster development times improved scalability among other features thus enabling them stay competitive market today

This article examines and attempts to explain public scepticism surrounding the European Union (coined Euroskepticism). Since 1990, there has been an increasing move to make European Union decision making more democratic with increased oversight of national parliaments, greater powers for the European Parliament, majority voting within the Council, and an increase in EU referendums. This has sought to bring to an end to an era where European elites bargained treaties in the shadow of an apathetic and generally approving public. Hooghe seeks to understand what drives European Union decision making in the modern era, as well as Euroskepticism. This move was embodied in the rejection of the European Constitutional Treaty in 2005, forcing a rethink of the permissive consensus that the people in charge of the European Union were above accountability. To this day, the matter of European integration has been strictly labelled as a contentious issue.

Hooghe begins his examination by establishing two, diametrically opposed theories of European Union politics. One theory is a bottom up view of preference formation. In this argument, voter’s preferences provide a structure of incentives for party position in the context of electoral competition. Whichever party can best capitalise on voter preferences will be better situated to acquire political power. In the context of the European Union, policy makers must gauge the public mood on European integration and make decisions from that.

 

 

Another theory is the top down approach, whereby political parties cue and directly influence the opinions and decisions of the public. Political parties, according to this theory, hold the ideological maps to help navigate highly technical and multi-faceted issues (such as those facing European integration). The public can rarely grasp the complexities of these issues, and thus look to political parties for guidance.

Hooghe, in his analysis, agrees with the bottom up approach to explain Euroskepticism. Euroskepticism, then, is best understood as a rational response by citizens (and thus political parties) for whom centralized European Union power is a threat to their own personal interests, not as a result of dissent o

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