Failure is not a matter of if, but when. Organizations fail, products fail, humans fails, and so on. Product failure is the ultimate defining line in poor quality. The top two reasons why engineered products fail is: failure to understand the specifications and lack of knowledge. Failure to understand the specifications – too often engineers make assumptions as to what the clients wants for their product or service. This is engineering suicide. It is nearly impossible to guess correctly. Get clarifications from the client. Lack of knowledge – sometimes, engineers take on projects that are beyond their capabilities. The results are poor design. Design and material selection are key elements in quality product management. Get these right and producing quality products becomes much easier.
According to traditional realist position in ontology, time and space are objective and exist apart from the human mind. Idealists, on the contrary, claimed that time and place depend on people’s minds. Kant suggested that time and place are not substances, but elements of a systematic framework used by people to structure their experiences. Measurements of place were used to justify how far apart thongs were, and temporal measurements were used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This means that the laws of physics are the same for all observers, and do not depend on the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames (Madanipour, 2017).
Lefebvre (2004) combines place and time in the concept of “rhythmanalysis”, making it the main idea of urban development (Lefebvre, 2004). In human geography it is argued that dimensions of time and place (space) are interconnected and do not exist independently (May and Thrift, 2001). Relations between time and place arise as a significantly interdisciplinary issue. In language studies M. Bakhtin applied a term “chronotop” to describe the configuration of time and place in literature (Bakhtin, 1981). He gave “the name “chronotop” (literally, “time space”) to intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spacious relationships that are artistically expressed in literature”. Thus, chronotop is considered as a category of literature that combines time and place and admits their unconditional interconnection. According to Bakhtin, chronotop in literature is influenced by historical conditions and defines the genres of literature.
Thus, looking at my research topic through linguistic philosophy, it seems possible to apply the term “chronotop” to place branding. It is approached in the literature that place brand is a range of characteristics, connected with place (associations, attitudes, attributes etc.).
If we consider time as a linear process consisting of the past, the present and the future, we can assume the possible meaning of time for place stakeholders. Possibly, the past might be associated with their previous experiences connected with this particular place. It can be living and working at the place, travelling, running business, spending free time, etc. For the present it might be reflections on their current attitudes to the place, their perception of the present moment. If residents are planning to stay, it might imply that they associate their future with the place. Place branding management and strategies can be considered as a time-related process.
As a result of the literature review, a list of possible indicators, reflecting time for p
