Compare and contrast Bowlby’s and Ainsworth’s views on the development of attachment.

C​‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍​ompare and contrast Bowlby’s and Ainsworth’s views on the development of attachment. Main body of essay • Structure your essay based on the similarities and differences you identify between the • Bowlby’s and Ainswo​‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍​rth’s theories, comparing them. Conclusion • Pull your argument together with a firm conclusion.

Sample Solution

Compare and contrast Bowlby`s and Ainsworth`s views on the development of attachment

Attachment theory is focused on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly long-term relationships, including those between a parent and between romantic partners. British psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human being. What Bowlby observed is that even feedings did not diminish the anxiety experienced by children when they were separated from their primary caregivers. Instead, he found that attachment was characterized by clear behavioral and motivation patterns. When children are frightened, they will seek proximity from their primary caregiver in order to receive both comfort and care. In her 1970s research, psychologist Mary Ainsworth expanded greatly upon Bowlby`s original work. Ainsworth described three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. In conclusion, while attachment style displayed in adulthood are not necessarily the same as those seen in infancy, early attachments can have a serious impact on later relationships.

Sutherland’s definition includes corporations as recidivist offenders, with privilege instigating the learning processes that lead to crime (Ruggiero, 2015).

​Despite the difficulties and ambiguities in its conception and definition, crimes of the powerful have merit in considering structural power theories of crime. Hagan and Thio assert that those with power and privilege have stronger motivations, more opportunities, and weaker social controls, and are therefore more likely to commit crime (Friedrichs, 2010). Other advantages of theories of crimes of the powerful include explanations of how those in power get away with crimes, how certain acts are or are not considered criminal, and the importance of national conversation and punishments when dealing with these crimes (Anello & Glaser, 2016; Olejarz, 2016).
​Aside from the definitional and conceptual issues, there are a few other disadvantages to these theories as well. The ambiguity of definitions of these crimes has made this topic difficult to study empirically (Nash, 2017). The definitions that are in place do not really make a distinction between crimes of the individual and crimes of the organization as a whole (Maguire et al., 1994; Reurink, 2016). Penalties and theories of control do not apply to these crimes like they do to others, since one cannot imprison a corporation (Gottschalk, 2016). Finally, deterrence and punishment rely on the idea that people are ashamed of crime, and research shows that powerful offenders typically do not feel shame for their offenses as ordinary citizens might (Braithwaite & Drahos, 2002).

Contributions

​​Criminology.

Due to the ambiguous definitions and wide scope of crimes of the powerful, the contributions that will be discussed will focus on white collar crime, as that seems to be where more of the research focuses. The term “white collar crime” was coined by Sutherland in 1939, which he defined as a “phenomenon of lawbreaking by respectable persons of the upper reaches of society” (Reurink, 2016, p. 387). These are crimes of convenience rath

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