Construction of a Railway

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Problem 1: Horizontal Alignment (5 marks)
A 4-lane road (2 lanes in each direction with no median separation) has a circular curve with a
superelevation of 5% and a central angle of 50 degrees. The CT of the curve is at station 8+880
and the PI is at 8+806. The road has 3.6m lanes and 3.0m shoulders on both sides with high
retaining walls going up immediately next to the shoulders (both sides of the road).
Considering speeds in increments of 10km/hr (starting with 40km/hr), what is the maximum
safe speed of this curve and what is the station of TC?
(5 marks)
Problem 2: Vertical Alignment (5 marks)
A team of transport engineers have addressed safety concerns at a railway crossing on a existing
level highway (Grade = 0) by proposing the construction of a highway overpass (above the existing
railway line). The following design constraints have been imposed:
• The existing highway has a design speed of 70km/hr
• Symmetrical vertical curves are designed for the overpass, the sag curves must be
designed with a rate of vertical curvature of 23 (𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠 = 23) while the crest curves must be
designed with a rate of vertical curvature of 17 (𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐 = 17).
• The road surface of the overpass structure must be 7.5m above the existing highway.
• The overpass structure (bridge) must be level (Grade = 0), centred above the railway line
and the length of the level bridge must be 60 metres.
Please answer the following questions.
a) Draw a clear labelled diagram presenting the overpass design described above.
Clearly indicate the railway line, the vertical curve components, the bridge and
indicate the dimension constraints described above.
(2 marks)
b) Calculate the minimum length of the existing highway that must be reconstructed to
provide the appropriate vertical alignment.
(3 marks)
Problem 3: Cross Section Design (5 marks)
A section of the Pacific Highway (2-Lane, 2-way) contains a spiral curve – circular curve – spiral
curve which has been designed to connect two tangents of the horizontal alignment. The speed of
this section of the highway is 80km/h. The following design principles are applied:
• The superelevation at the circular curve is 5%,
• The normal crown has a cross-fall of 2.5%,
• The width of carriageway is 8.0m
• The length of the transition curve is 100m.
a) Calculate the cross-fall for the cross-section of the carriageway at a distance of 40m
from TS
(3 marks)
b) Present a drawing of the carriageway of the cross-section at a distance of 40m from
TS, showing the heights of the outside edge and inside edge of the carriageway
relative to the centreline.
(2 marks)
49106: Road Engineering Practice – Assignment 1 3
Problem 4: Combined Design – Grade Separated Intersection (20 marks)
In the dynamic and expanding urban environment of “Scienceberg”, a new highway (“Edison
Expressway”) is to be constructed over the existing “Westinghouse Way”. The following conditions
apply to the site:
• Edison Expressway and Westinghouse Way intersect at right angles (90 degrees).
• As the highways are grade-separated (Edison Expressway bridges over Westinghouse
Way), there is a desirable clearance height of 5m between the two highways.
• Both highways are at a level grade (constant elevation).
• Edison Expressway is oriented east-west at an elevation of 185m. The bridge structure is
such that the bridge girder thickness is 2.5m (measured from the road surface to the bottom
of the girder, assume a clearance of 7.5m from road surface to road surface).
• A single-lane ramp is to be constructed to allow eastbound traffic to go northbound. A
single horizontal curve, with a central angle of 90 degrees, is to be used (no transition curve
is designed). The design speed for the curve is set at 60km/h and a required superelevation
is 5%.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 present diagrams of the alignment of the two highways.
Figure 1 : Horizontal Alignment of Edison Expressway and Westinghouse Way
Figure 2 : Vertical Alignment of Edison Expressway and Westinghouse Way
49106: Road Engineering Practice – Assignment 1 4
Using the Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 3: Geometric Design, answer the following
question in relation to the grade separated intersection design:
a) What are the stationing of TC, PI and CT, assuming the curve begins at station
3+512.000?
(5 marks)
b) What are the stationing and elevations of all key points (PVC, PVI and PVT for each
designed vertical curve) along the vertical alignment?
(6 marks)
c) What is the distance that must be cleared from the inside of the horizontal curve so
that the line of sight is sufficient to provide adequate stopping sight distance?
(5 marks)
d) Based on your assessment and calculation procedures, was it correct to NOT
include a transition curve in this design? Clearly justify your answer (maximum ½
page response).
(4 marks)

 

Sample Solution

Topographically, Ruritania is generally situated between domains that would have been called Saxony and Bohemia in Hope’s time. It has become a conventional term, both concrete and theoretical, for a nonexistent pre WW1 European realm utilized as the setting for sentiment, interest and the plots of experience books. Its name has been given to an entire type of composing, the Ruritanian sentiment, and it has spread outside writing to a wide range of other areas.4

This paper will examine Petru�elkov�’s (P) (1994 (1940))5 Czech form of the short-novel-length Biggles Goes To War (BGW; Biggles Let� na Jih (BLJ) in Czech), set in Maltovia, portrayed in plot as a little Ruritanian-type 6 nation with a German-type upper-

class found “somewhat toward the north-east of the Black Sea, depicted by its diplomat to London as “� ..just barely in Europe. � . Asia � . isn’t a long way from our eastern frontier”.7 Its classification echoes Hope’s somewhat, e.g., Max/Ludwig Stanhauser, von Nerthold, Janovica, Bethstein, Menkhoff, Vilmsky, Klein, Nieper, Gustav, and so on. Maltovia is undermined by its neighbor Lovitzna, a marginally bigger nation, additionally Ruritanian to the extent can be judged, depicted by the Maltovian diplomat as: “� another state, not huge, as nations in Europe go, yet bigger than we are.” Johns gives minimal enough genuine data on Maltovia, and even less on Lovitzna, in spite of the fact that the names he cites for the last nation, e.g., Zarovitch (the name of the decision administration), Hotel Stadplatz, Shavros, Stretta Barovsky, do extend a Ruritanian picture like that of Maltovia. Lovitzna is building up an aviation based armed forces with the help of European educators, and the story starts with the Maltovian diplomat in London asking Biggles, Algy, and Ginger to create one for Maltovia to counter the danger from Lovitzna.

BGW incorporates scenes, for example, e.g., Biggles telling a German pilot that local people “dislike us, you know, they are volatile (93; No. 17 underneath)”, which may have evoked unwelcome pictures and meanings among Czech perusers, particularly during the period when BGW and BLJ were first published.8 The arrangement picked by P to deal with such circumstances has been to go one little above and beyond than interpretation, and to transpose the story, moving Maltovia to some unclear spot in
Whittlesey 2012 sets up an exhaustive continuum for any exchange of any substance starting with one medium then onto the next, principally, however not only, including language to language, language to different mediums, e.g., pictures (films, kid’s shows, and so forth.) or from different mediums to different mediums, with interpretation, comprehended as in exactly the same words replication in the thin sense, at the one end, transposition including different degrees of free rendering of the source, and adjustment saw as the uttermost expelled from the source. He calls attention to that genuine interpretation in the thin sense he proposes is somewhat confined then again, with numerous guidelines: exclusions of words, expressions, and sentences, not to mention entire segments, is disliked, as are augmentations, or bends of the source or its purpose. Interpretations must summon a similar picture as the source messages and pass on their content.9 The exactness of an interpretation must be obvious, which is considerably less simple for transposition or adaptation.10

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