Covid-19 increases in government spending

 

Covid-19 had caused drastic increases in government spending and government debt across the globe in an effort to stimulate aggregate demand the economies as a whole. Recently there is a growing interest in the new theory called the Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). The theory explains that rising budget deficits are good economies as long as increased government spending does not lead to inflation. Furthermore, this theory promotes rising government debt as means of supporting government spending. As noted by Stephanie Kelton in her book “The Deficit Myth”, governments can fund this spending and servicing of debt through printing money. As such, all the spending could, in principle, be financed via the creation of cash rather than taxes. Taxes may serve other purposes such as providing public services. In relation to the above, use the multiplier model (or other models such as the IS-LM and AS-AD models) and critically analyse the effectiveness of MMT in South Africa. Furthermore, give your own policy recommendations of how the South African economy can grow post the COVID-19 pandemic.

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time. Therefore, early intervention will enable the children to have the building blocks for future success. The Early Year Foundation Stage (EYFS) implement SEL immediately. The Boxall Profile (2015) is an essential aid which can be used when capturing children who may need additional educational support and identify the level of skills children are working at; allowing the educator to better understand what that behaviour is expressing. Furthermore, gain an understanding of what social and emotional skills the individual is lacking; allowing educators to put and additional educational support in place.

Educating children as early as possible with ways to recognise, and identify and manage their own emotions will allow them to self-regulate and build resilience (Claxton, 2010b). In many settings Claxton (2002a), Building Learning Powers (BLP) are used as part of daily SEL to enhance emotional intelligence. They are designed to support and encourage children to be emotionally intelligent, teaching children how to self- regulate and to have empathy and listen to others. BLP ‘cultivate habits and attitudes that enable young people to become better learners; face difficulty and uncertainty calmly, confidently and creatively’ therefore, ‘to become better learners inside and out of school’ (Claxton, 2002). In many settings certificates are awarded to the celebrate the children who are using BLP effectively during lessons, supporting Skinners positive reinforcement (1953). It could be argued that BLP are only as effective as the educator teaching them. Hattie (2009) suggests that an effective teacher must see the learning through the children’s eyes for it to become successful and scaffold the learning as demonstrated by Vygotsky (1978). Scaffolding the learning cultivates habits and cultures which will enable children to reach the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky, 1978). Similarly, Dwek (2012) has recently pioneered Growth mindset, in settings, teaching people that you can grow your abilities through hard work and effective scaffolding. Therefore, if educators provide the necessary scaffolding through SEL, by equipping children with the skills necessary they should become successful, hardworking and valued members of society.
To conclude, it has been shown how essential social and emotional learning is, not only to the individual but to society. Early intervention is key. When implementing SEL the earlier the implementation, the earlier you are equipping children with the essential skills and knowledge to be able to partake in daily life. In the same way, early intervention is key to children essentially early intervention with families is also vital to eradicate persistent unwanted behaviours. We have focused on Maslow, Bronfenbrenner, Bowlby, Vygotsky and many other theorists; examined the influence their concepts still have on current practise. Evidence has shown that influences such as alcohol and illicit drugs have a detrimental effect on children not only at birth but continue into adulthood; evidence suggests that SEL will support them into confidently taking the right path in life.

Finally, SEL is a compulsory subject however, the amount varies in each setting and this can

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