Crime scene reconstruction is the process of determining or eliminating the events and actions that occurred at the crime scene through analysis of the crime scene pattern, the location and position of the physical evidence, and the laboratory examination of the physical evidence. Reconstruction not only involves scientific scene analysis, interpretation of the scene pattern evidence and laboratory examination of physical evidence, but also involves systematic study of related information and the logical formulation of a theory. However, the ability of investigators to collect certain evidence may also be limited if, by collecting one type of evidence, they must compromise another. For example, swabbing a knife found near the victim at a murder scene for blood or DNA could potentially destroy latent fingerprints present on the knife.
n Scotland, the government has taken a more direct legislative approach to integration. In 2014 it introduced the Public Bodies (Joint Working) (Scotland) Act 2014. The Act places a duty on NHS organisations and local government to delegate health and care functions and budgets to new integrated authorities, with a view to making these new authorities the joint commissioner of health and care.
In Wales, the structural division between health and social care has persisted as in England. In 2009, the Welsh government established Health Boards to coordinate health and social care across regions. In other ways, Welsh integration policy has mirrored English. In 2014, they established an Intermediate Care Fund that aimed at integration and focused on delayed hospital discharge. The 2014 Social Services and Wellbeing Act established a legal duty on local government to promote integration, and the Well-being of Future Generations Act in 2015 established Public Service Boards that are required to promote wellbeing across local areas (Heenan and Birrell 2018).
Across the four nations, there are persistent barriers to integration. Firstly, the historic structural distinction between health and social care prevents coordination of assessment: as social care, remains means and needs tested and the NHS is a universal, needs-based service. There remain professional conflicts between health and social care staff and there is a persistent difference in status between NHS and social care professionals. The initiatives we have described here have also been criticised for a number of reasons including focusing narrowly on hospital performance measures, lacking significant strategic influence from local government and failing to involve patients and service users. The goal of improving the coordination of care through individual and organisational collaboration is likely to continue, so initiatives to promote integration are likely to persist as features of the social care policy landscape.
5. Conclusion
As populations age and demand for social care rises, there are a number of issues which need to be addressed, including the best ways to deliver quality care for those who need it and the best ways to pay for that care. There are also broader challenges about how to invest in preventative and asset-based approaches that minimise people’s needs for formal care, and how to ensure that formal care services support informal family carers to stay in good mental and physical help. Many countries are facing this dilemma and some, such as Germany, have taken bold s
