The occurrence and undesirable complications from health care-associated infections (HAIs) have been well recognized in the literature for the last several decades. The occurrence of HAIs continues to escalate at an alarming rate. HAIs originally referred to those infections associated with admission in an acute-care hospital, but the term now applies to infections acquired in the continuum of settings where persons receive care (e.g., long-term care, home care, ambulatory care). Patient safety studies published in 1991 reveal the most frequent types of adverse events affecting hospitalized patients are adverse drug events, nosocomial infections, and surgical complications (Brennan TA., Leape LL., Laird NM., et al. 1991). HAIs remains an imperative mission and is a continuous opportunity to improve and maximize patient safety.
who suffer from hereditary diseases cannot live a normal life. The use of CRISPR/ CAS9 for medical treatment, however, be used to genetically rectify these issues before the baby is even born. The embryo of the child formed from the parents can be biologically altered to remove the genetic mutation that causes the disease (Gene Therapy- Mayo Clinic, n.d). In medicine research, researchers’ best interests are to do with treatments for illnesses, so the power that is gene editing will be used to benefit all of humanity, even if it is kept behind laboratory walls. Furthermore, using it for medical research has a lot less problems associated with it, and less societal consequences. There is, although, an important factor to consider here; medical research is not always morally or ethically justifiable. There are many historical examples of immoral medical research. In 1951, a young woman called Henrietta Lacks was taken to Johns Hopkins Hospital where she was given treatment for her cervical cancer. Dr George Gey, a cancer and virus researcher in the hospital would often keep cells from patients for medical research. He found Lacks’ cells to be quite unique and even today, HeLa cells help us study the effect of viruses and toxins. While this was beneficial, the doctors at the hospital passed on her cell samples without her consent or knowledge (Nature, Nature, (DTU) and (UNIL), 2020). This demonstrates how medical research can also often be ethically questionable.
My essay not only argues for gene editing only being used for medical research and treatment, but also for it to be kept exclusively in the laboratory. If gene editing were used in medicine, but outside of the lab, large healthcare business may patent gene- editing technology and proceed to charge exorbitant amounts for people to use this technology, rendering it far out of reach for those who cannot afford it. This already exists with general privatised healthcare in many countries (Collyer and White, 2011), and gene editing should not be restricted, as something with so much potential. We have seen the value that society places on appearance and beauty standards that exist, so those less fortunate who do not have access to it may not feel that they conform with said societal beauty standards as is the case with the latest fashion, for example- in a study conducted on college students by Lauren A. McDermott and Terry F. Pettijohn II of Coastal Carolina and Walden University (Pettijohn II and McDermott, 2012), students rated models and not only were African- American Models rated lower, but so were models wearing clothes with no branding or less expensive clothes.
One ethical theory that may be important and useful to consider is utilitarianism. A utilitarian standpoint may provide counterarguments to my thesis. Utilitarianism is about what will give the most people the most happiness. In other words, what will increase the total ‘amount’ of happiness in the universe (Driver, 2009). Restrictions put into place on the use of gene editing (i.e. only using it in labs) will mean that less people will have access to it. If we allow gene editing to be used outside of the lab, more people are likely to get valuable life- saving treatment. This means that there should be no restrictions an
