Let 𝑥and 𝑦be the attribute vectors of two objects. State whether the following proximity measures—cosine, correlation, and Euclidean distance—are invariant (unchanged) under the following transformations. Specifically, if 𝑥→𝑥′ and 𝑦→𝑦′, would cosine(𝑥,𝑦) = cosine(𝑥′,𝑦′), correlation(𝑥,𝑦) = correlation(𝑥′,𝑦′), and Euclidean(𝑥,𝑦) = Euclidean(𝑥′,𝑦′). Please explain your answers by referring to the formula for each proximity measure. Simple yes or no would not be accepted.
I.Translation: 𝑥→𝑥+𝑐 and 𝑦→𝑦+𝑐, where 𝑐 is a constant added to each attribute value in 𝑥 and 𝑦.
II.Scaling: 𝑥→𝑐𝑥 and 𝑦→𝑐𝑦, where 𝑐 is a constant multiplied to each attribute value in 𝑥 and 𝑦.
III.Standardization: 𝑥→(x – c)/d and 𝑦→(y – c)/d where 𝑐 and 𝑑 are constants.
Data mining is a process in which companies use to turn raw data into meaningful information. By using software to look for patterns in large batches of data, businesses can learn more about their customers to develop more effective marketing strategies, increase sales and decrease costs. Data mining involves exploring and analysing large blocks of information to glean meaningful patterns and trends. It can be used in a variety of ways, such as database marketing, credit risk management ,fraud detection, spam Email filtering, or even to discern the sentiment or opinion of users. The data mining process breaks down into five steps. First, organizations collect data and load it into their data warehouses.
over 700,000 Rohingya fled violence in northern Rakhine State, including violence committed by security forces and vigilantes. In November 2017. The United States determined that this situation constituted ethnic cleansing of Rohingya. In December 2017 the United States imposed targeted sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act on former Burmese Major General Maung Maung Soe for his role in human rights abuses against Rohingya in Rakhine State.
Despite the United States’s active efforts in Burma, other challenges remain. More progress needs to be made to reduce the military’s role in politics, move from ceasefires (which are reminiscent of patching bullet holes with duct tape)cease-fires to political dialogue (true tangible solutions), and to improve rule of law and government accountability. Sporadic, intense fighting between the Burmese military and ethnic armed groups in Kachin and Shan States and elsewhere has resulted in numerous civilian casualties and internal displacement. The United States finds that to urgently mitigate such impending violence, emphasis must first be relayed to the Government of Burma that stresses the importance of promoting tolerance, diversity, and peaceful co-existence, and for the Burmese military to completely end any military ties with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
The United States greatly considers the significance of monetary aid in nations that are struggling with different forms of stability. In order to relieve the oppression of the Rohingya and to re-stabilize the nation, investments are something that the United States heavily supports. This approach is crucial as it lays out the foundation for what will happen in the future. Burma will be able to thrive not only economically but also be able to integrate progressivism into its culture if It’s people, especially those who have undergone unprecedented oppression, can sustain their families and contribute to the common good of the nation as a whole. Being able to foster the emergence of small and medium enterprises, flourishing agriculture, and international trade are all things that not only the people of Burma, but also aid the currently unstable government in being able to provide a means of protection and stability for their citizens. This is of course not to neglect or put aside the immediate humanitarian action that needs to be taken, but instead is stressed so heavily as economic stability has historically been tied to peace and prosperity, an aforementioned goal the United States has for Burma. In regards to immediate relief, the United States would be more than willing to increase its aid in the situation along side the aid of other nations and bodies under the United Nations.
In addition to this, the United States urges religious freedom in order to mediate and dismantle the religious conflict that is ever so prevalent in Burma. The United States would first prioritize a non-violent approach of dismantling the military overrun of the Burmese Government as it has done previously in the past. So for instance,in the past,high level US government administration has taken strides to meet with leaders in Burma, assess the situation, and provide aid upon their analysis. This essentially allows them to consider all important factors as dismantling any conflict, especially religious requires meticulous planning and thorough analysis in order to mediate it non-violently. In order to further stress the need for this, the US calls upon other nations within the United Nations to meet with leaders in Burma in order to peacefully settle the discourse. Other nations could be useful in not only the insight they provide but also the possible economic stability that they may be able to provide for the region, which the United States believes is the long term goal for Burma and what can truly uproot this catastrophe.
Also, to take into account the needs of those who are currently attempting to seek asylum and are in desperate need to flee the country, the United States not only urges the importance of immediate shelter, goods, and services for the survival of the Refugees, but also hopes to further its development in neighboring nations in order to increase their capacity to take in refugees. Historically, and within our own nations, Refugees have fostered economic growth and development as well as sustainability in a myriad of places. It is very important to consider the fact that refugees expand the job market, foster competition, and expand innovation in