dergraduate college students from a private Catholic liberal arts college in the United States. The authors administered an online survey asking about substance abuse and personality. The research found 19% of participants met the minimum margin for a diagnosis of PTSD, and 21% of participants were at risk of progressing to substance abuse. The study determined individuals with substance abuse have a tendency to use maladaptive coping and religious strategies compared to individuals without substance use disorders. The authors proved the connection between traumatic events and the use of coping and defense mechanisms as methods to internalize the event. Defense mechanisms and religion are used to manage traumatic experiences, but they do not prevent the connection between trauma and substance abuse (Prout, T. A. et al., 2015). The article was thorough and informative by providing a detailed description of the study as well as meeting the purpose of the project. The descriptive qualitative study confirmed the expectation of the use of defense mechanisms and coping strategies in individuals with previous traumatic experiences. However, the research did not prove religion and coping mechanisms to be a potent safeguard between traumatic experiences and substance abuse.

Curley, M., & Johnston, C. (2014) analyzed college-aged women who had an abortion. The article was far from concise and included minute detail about the study allowing for others to replicate the research. The purpose of the level IV cross-sectional correlational study design was to identify behavioral interventions to help college-age women experiencing psychological distress post-abortion. The sample included 45 college students from two countries, the United States and Canada. Participants must have experienced psychological distress and sought treatment after an abortion. Data collection occurred between January 2007 and January 2010 at the McGill University Student Health Services in Montreal, Canada. Data included reproductive health information, demographic data, and participant preferences related to interventions. The participants completed a questionnaire after the abortion to measure the interventions received. The study found four factors of preferred interventions. The first factor contained upsetting guilt in which the participants strongly preferred assistance with managing guilt. The second factor involved reproductive control; the women stated a strong desire for assistance with prevention of pregnancy. Factor three discussed independent coping w