Derivation rules

1. Using the table and symbol functions in MSWORD, solve the following proof, making sure to number and justify each line of the proof (including listing premises). If you are unsure about how to do this, please consult the “How to Create a Proof in MSWORD Tutorial.” Once you have completed the proof, upload the file as a PDF.
(𝑀∨𝑇)→𝑄,𝑄→𝐿,𝑇⊢𝐿

2. Using the table and symbol functions in MSWORD, solve the following proof, making sure to number and justify each line of the proof (including listing premises). If you are unsure about how to do this, please consult the “How to Create a Proof in MSWORD Tutorial.” Once you have completed the proof, upload the file as a .pdf.
𝑃∧(𝑆∧(𝑅∧¬𝑃)),𝑅→((𝑀→𝑇)→𝑊)⊢𝑊

3. Using the table and symbol functions in MSWORD, solve the following proof, making sure to number and justify each line of the proof (including listing premises). If you are unsure about how to do this, please consult the “How to Create a Proof in MSWORD Tutorial.” Once you have completed the proof, upload the file as a PDF.
⊢(𝑆∧𝑇)→(𝑀→𝑇)

4. Answer the following question with one of the following abbreviations for the PL derivation rules: ^E, ^I, ->E, ->I, ~I, ~E, vI, vE, <->I, <->E, R, IMP, DEM, HS, DN. (NOTE: Type the abbreviation exactly as it appears (with no spaces) OR copy-and-paste it from the question). What PL derivation rule that allows you to derive 𝑃∨(𝑆→¬¬𝑀)P∨(S→¬¬M) from 𝑃∨(𝑆→𝑀)P∨(S→M)?

Sample Solution

NPV technique with a cost of capital of 8%, – producing greenhouses and conservatories – would be the suggested project to proceed with as it has the largest NPV during the 4 year scale at £1.4 million. In addition to the net present value calculations, other factors such as strategic considerations and competitor’s actions may need to be considered. A good track record for previous capital investment will also carry weight when it comes to the final decision. The approach can be only being used if projects are divisible, if the projects are not divisible a decision has to be made by examining the absolute NPV’s of all possible combinations for complete projects that can be undertaken within the constraints of the capital available. The combination of projects which remains at or under the limit of available capital without any of them being divided, and which maximises the total NPV, should be chosen. (Paul, Lydon)
Net Present Value (NPV) is the value of all future cash flows (positive and negative) over the entire life of an investment discounted to the present. NPV analysis is a form of intrinsic valuation and is used extensively across finance and accounting for determining the value of a business, investment security, capital project, new venture, cost reduction program, and anything that involves cash flow. (https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/net-present-value-npv/)
The cash flows in net present value analysis are discounted for two main reasons, (1) to adjust for the risk of an investment opportunity, and (2) to account for the time value of money (TVM).The first point (to adjust for risk) is necessary because not all businesses, projects, or investment opportunities have the same level of risk.
(https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/net-present-value-npv/)

NPV is perceived as conclusive evidence and superior to the other methods of analysis.
The NPV is shown as a definitive measure method with some favoured benefits. The method unambiguously ranks mutually exclusive projects, and can differentiate between projects of different scale and time horizon. The downsides with NPV it’s not a concept that enters everyday business conversation, it can be challenging to explain to management the full value of the NPV it also relies heavily on discount rate values and cash flow that are approximated.
Discounted Payback Period:

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