Design Biological device

 

•Design a new biological device using BioBrick parts from the website that will produce a signal of some kind when something interesting happens, so that we can use the cell to signal us when that interesting happens. (Kind of like a sensor or like when you press a button and see an indicator light turn on)

 

Sample Solution

to British nationals. The principle of equal treatment is set out in Art 24 (1) of Directive 2004/38 which states “all Union citizens residing on the basis of this Directive in the territory of the host Member State shall enjoy equal treatment with the nationals of that Member State”. In the case of Inzirillo v Caisse d’Allocations Familiales de l’Arrondissement de Lyon the Court of Justice held that an allowance for disabled adults that a Member State awarded to its own nationals constituted to a social advantage to which an EU national should be equally entitled under such circumstances. The facts included that the EU citizen could apply on behalf of the family member. Although in the case the person was an adult, the principle is still the same that Charlotte is applying on behalf of her brother due to his age. Article 14 (4) (b) of the directive covers that the host State is not obliged to grant social assistance to the members of the Union worker in the first three months of residence. This is not applicable to Bjarne as he has been living in London for the past 4 years so the State is able to acquire him with social assistance.

As Bjarne is too young to have the knowledge and understanding to best enforce his rights, Charlotte will be required to do it on his behalf. The best way to enforce his rights are on the grounds of the State breaching his Article 18 rights and Regulation 492/2011 rights . The requirement for Bjarne to have resided in the UK for 5 years constitutes to discrimination. The requirement is unlawful and is set in the Treaty Provision in Article 18 , which includes direct discrimination of nationality is prohibited. This is legally binding which means it constitutes to direct effect. The test which was set out in the case of Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen needs to be satisfied in order for Charlotte to use vertical direct effect. The requirements include: the EU provision needs to be sufficiently clear and precise, which Article 18 TFEU is. The provision must be unconditional, which it is only to EU citizens which Bjarne is, and it must leave no room for the exercise of discretion in its implementation by an institution or national authority which Article 18 doesn’t. As the provision passes these requirements, Charlotte will be able to enforce this provision and exercise Bjarne’s rights before the courts. The ESC can be considered and emanation of the state which is established in the Foster test: the body is considered to be providing a public service as it is a public school for special needs children. It is subject to state authority as is subject to the council. It can be considered to have special powers as it set a residency requirement and even turned away Bjarne based on it.

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