Designing a care map is an important component of educating nursing students about the coordination of client care for musculoskeletal disorders. Such a map can provide a comprehensive overview of how to integrate different elements of the nursing process into providing effective and efficient patient care. It should include steps such as assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation.
A thorough assessment is needed to identify any underlying issues that need to be addressed in order to coordinate adequate client care. This includes physical exams, laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging techniques if needed (Inanc & Lipsit 2013). The results from these assessments then allow nurses to establish diagnoses which serves as the basis for developing individualized plans of care (Inanc & Lipsit 2013). For example, this may involve prescribing certain medications or physical therapy interventions depending on the specific needs of each client (Inanc & Lipsit 2013).
Once a plan has been established it must be implemented correctly in order to ensure that all necessary actions are taken. This should involve monitoring progress towards meeting goals while also being aware of any adverse reactions or complications related to treatment (Langford et al., 2018). Finally, once all treatments have been completed it is essential that nurses review outcomes so they can make adjustments if goals were not met or unexpected events occurred during implementation (Langford et al., 2018). These steps should be incorporated into designing a care map so students have an organized framework when coordinating patient care for clients with musculoskeletal disorders.
AuNP-based diagnostics can be by and large isolated in three distinct Methodologies:
1. usage of the AuNP variety assortment upon collection, the best portrayed model being AuNPs functionalized by ssDNA prepared to do explicitly hybridizing to a corresponding objective for the discovery of explicit nucleic corrosive succession in natural examples (19);
2. Utilization of AuNPs as a center/seed that can be changed with a wide assortment of surface functionalities to give profoundly particular Nano tests for finding (20); and
3. Usage of AuNPs in electrochemical based techniques
That can be gotten together with metal affidavit for signal upgrade. (21)Gold Nano particles have been extensively read up for their extraordinary optical properties emerging from their surface Plasmon reverberation (SPR) (18, 22, 23). Au NPs have very high retention coefficients, permitting higher responsiveness in visual recognition techniques than common colors. (22-24) normally, colloidal arrangements of circle molded Au NPs are red with the SPR band focused at ca. 520 nm. This band is weakly dependant on the size of the molecule and the refractive list of the prompt media yet firmly changes by shape, and between molecule distance The Morphology and surface science of Nano particles is commonly constrained by utilizing reasonable manufactured techniques (25)
The incredible upgrade of electromagnetic field at the outer layer of AuNPs by communication with electromagnetic waves offers other appealing optical properties with extraordinary potential for bio indicative measure. For instance, AuNPs have been utilized for single-atom location by surface-upgraded Raman spectroscopy (SERS) (26) the fruitful activity of AuNPs in natural examines depends on the accessibility of engineered strategies creating Nano particles with the ideal qualities, specifically high dissolvability in water, and sufficient morphology, size scattering, and surface functionalities (27).
Her-2 and Ki 67 antibodies:
Your pathology report could contain data concerning the pace of cell development — what extent of the malignant growth cells inside the cancer are developing and isolating to make new cancer cells. A higher rate recommends a more quickly developing, extra forceful disease, instead of a more slow, “easygoing”
one of this assessment is estimation of the Ki67.(28) Antigen Ki-67 what’s more known as Ki-67 or MKI67 is a protein that in people is encoded by the MKI67 quality antigen recognized by monoclonal immunizer Ki-67As a marker for growth cell expansion, Ki67 essentially affects bosom disease (BC) visualization Ki-67 is a malignant growth antigen that is tracked down in developing, partitioning cells yet is absent in the resting period of cell development. This trademark makes Ki-67 a decent malignant growth marker. This trial is finished on a segment of growth tissue, to assist with foreseeing your guess. (28, 29)
Ki67 is an atomic antigen right off the bat distinguished by Gerdes et al in the mid 1980s, by utilizing a mouse monoclonal immunizer against an atomic antigen from a Hodgkin lymphoma-determined cell line. The antigen named following the analyst’s area, Ki67 for Kiel College, Germany, with the 67 mark alluding to the clone number on the 96-well plate. (30) As a stunningly utilized expansion marker, Ki67 has drawn in expanding notice in current years. a ton of studies showed that Ki67 appearance levels were adversely related with BC guess (30,31). then again, it is difficult to physically gauge the Ki67 articulation exactly and equitably, essentially restricting its clinical application. The greater part normal examination technique for Ki-67 antigen is the safe histo synthetic assessment. It was shown that Ki-67 atomic antigen is communicated in specific periods of the cell arrangement in particular S, G1, G2, and M stages, however is non existing in G0 (32). In examples from typical bosom tissue, it was found that Ki-67 is likewise communicated at low level (<3 % of cells) in emergency room negative cells, yet not in trama center positive cells In bosom disease, a consequence of less than 10% is viewed as low, 10-20% fringe, and high if more than 20%.(31-33)
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinas erbB-2, excessively known as CD340 (group of separation 340), proto-oncogene Neu, Erbb2 (rat), or ERBB2 (human). It is a protein that in people is encoded by the ERBB2 quality, and it is likewise frequently called HER2 (from human epidermal development factor receptor 2) or HER2/neu. (34) HER2 is an individual from the human epidermal development factor receptor (HER/EGFR/ERBB) family. Enhancement or over-articulation of this oncogene has been displayed to assume a huge part in the turn of events and movement of specific forceful sorts of bosom malignant growth. In ongoing time the protein has turned into a significant biomarker and point of treatment for around 30% of bosom disease patients. (34, 35)
Her-2 a known proto-oncogene, is put at the long arm of human chromosome 17(36)
The ErbB family comprises of four plasma layer bound receptor tyrosine kinesis. One of which is erbB-2, and different individuals being epidermal development factor receptor, erbB-3 (neuregulin-restricting; need kinas space), and erbB-4. (37)All four have an extracellular ligand restricting space, a trans layer area, and an intracellular space that have the option to interface overwhelmingly of flagging particles and show both ligand-ward and ligand-free action. Especially, no ligands for HER2 have yet been recognized. HER2 can heterodimerise by any of the other three receptors and is viewed as the ideal dimidiation equivalent of the other ErbB receptors. (38)
