Discrimination can be expressed through “harassment,” when a boss, supervisor, or co-worker says or does something that creates an intimidating, hostile or threatening work environment. Sexual harassment is a form of discrimination and a human rights violation. Under the laws enforced by EEOC, it is illegal to discriminate against someone (applicant or employee) because of that person`s race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. It is also illegal to retaliate against a person because he or she complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participate in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. The law forbids discrimination in every aspect of employment.
s used to generate data describing congressional activity related to wild swine. FDsys is an official repository of all official publications from all three branches of the United States Federal Government and currently contains over 7.4 million electronic documents from 1969 to present. Our search included congressional hearings, congressional record, congressional reports, bills, and changes to the code of federal regulations from 1985 until 2013 when the APHIS National Feral Swine Damage Management Program was established. Documents included in our study contained any of the following terms: ‘feral swine’, ‘feral hog’, or ‘feral pig’, ‘wild swine’, ‘wild hog’, or ‘wild pig’. Each document was considered an independent policy action, and the number of documents by year was tallied to generate count data by document type, primary agricultural commodity (livestock or crop) the document addressed, and year. Our method may have included documents which were not specifically addressing wild swine related policy; to evaluate this assumption a 5% random sample was taken and the documents were classified as addressing wild swine related policy or not. Based on the results of this assessment we assumed that if the document contained reference to wild swine the issue of wild swine was either on the policy agenda or influencing the agenda in some way.
Media Data
To generate data on media reporting of wild swine related topics a systematic search of four major news consolidators was performed – Newsbank, LexisNexis, EBSCO, and ProQuest (EBSCO 2016, LexisNexis 2016, NewsBank 2016, ProQuest 2016). Our review was restricted to newspaper articles published from 1985 to 2013 in the United States. In order for an article to be included it must have contained the terms ‘feral swine’, ‘feral hog’, or ‘feral pig’, ‘wild swine’, ‘wild hog’, or ‘wild pig’ in the title or lead in to the article. Articles published by the same media source and author on the same date were considered duplicates and removed. The data were summarized generating three annual predictors, the number of articles, the number of different media sources, and the number of states with at least one article.
Each article headline was classified as positive or negative. Our assumption here was that the article headline summarized the overall content, or conclusion of the article. In order to classify articles as having positive or negative tone we used a polarity index described by Rinker (2013) and Breen (2012). In general this polarity algorithm uses a word sentiment (positive or negative) dictionary (Hu and Liu 2004) to tag polarized words in the article headline. A context cluster of six words is extracted from around each polarized word (positive / negative) in the article. The words in this cluster are identified as neutral, negator, amplifier, or de-amplifier. Neutral words hold no value but do affect word count, while each polarized word is counted and weighted in the context cluster. The context clusters for the article headline are summed and divided by the square root of the word count yielding an unbounded score for article describing the negative or positive tone of the headline.
For our purposes we are interested in the cumulative influence of article tone and media sources. In order to produce a measure of this annual cumulative article tone we generated the annual mean tone. This was then multiplied by the number of articles published in the year and by the number of sources creating two predictor variables describing the annual tone for media sources (source tone) and the annual tone for articles (article tone). Classification of newspaper headlines and generation of the media tone indi
