Most nurse theorists did not set out to create a nursing theory. Most began constructing a theory as a way to improve the care delivered to clients, whether through direct clinical practice or through the education of nurses. Nursing research has changed dramatically in the past years, beginning with Florence Nightingale in the 19th century. Clearly, nursing research has not always had the influence and significance it holds today. In the 1960s, nursing theory was used to guide teaching rather than research or practice. The 1950s and 1960s saw the development of theories explaining the art and science of nursing. Hildegard Peplau published Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in 1952, based on her work as a psychiatric nurse. Other theories included Levine`s Conservation Principles of Nursing in 1967 and Roger`s introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing in 1970.
This catastrophic disaster lingered in the minds of many; in the years following, all tensions and dynamics of the Roman world became increasingly focused and intensified. As the society strove to rebuild and recover itself, a competitive, ambitious and treacherous world was revealed. New money challenged old values. The traditional hierarchies of power and status could no longer be taken for granted.
Centuries later, the name and location of the city had long since faded into obscurity — that was, until coincidences during the 16th and 17th centuries led to some chance discoveries of ancient building materials and artifacts from the buried Campanian city.
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During a construction project devised by Count Muzzio Tuttavilla, who planned to divert the water of the Sarno river to his villa in Torre Annunziata, the city of Pompeii was spotted for the first time in the centuries — the planned underground channel of the shortest route happened to pass across the ruins of Pompeii.
From 1592 to 1600, under the instruction of Italian architect Domenico Fontana, several inscriptions were unearthed by the laymen, who were unaware that they were excavating over the top surface of a 66 hectares ancient city lying deep below.
An inscription bearing two clearly visible words, ‘decurio pompeis’, referring to a Pompeian magistrate, was archaeologically diagnostic evidence, but was misinterpreted as referring to the villa of the Roman general, Pompey, not the Roman city of Pompeii; therefore, its discovery did not arouse further discussion or interest. The canal was already completed when Lucas Holstenius, a German antiquarian, visited the area in 1637, and proposed correctly that Pompeii and la Civita were the same — his proposal was not welcomed; however, another inscription bearing the name Pompei found in 1689 instigated an intellectual debate on its identification, prompting further personal interest. Early archeologist, Giuseppe Macrini, visited the site in 1693 to venture down the tunnels, noting the ruins of ramparts and buildings, and suggesting excavation to clarify whether these ruins belonged to the ancient city of Pompeii called ‘la Civita’ — no attempt was made until 1748.
The exploration of the ancient site started in an area called ‘Civita’, in 1748 was
