PHIL 109: Final Exam (Summer 2020)
Hint: It is possible to extract everything you need for the final exam from the first two paragraphs of the essay. However, you may be able to find
other examples elsewhere in the essay that you find easier. Read the entire essay once through; then go back to it to find your preferred examples.
Read the essay at the link, and then in one file answer the 20 questions below as your personal final exam:
https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/campuspress.yale.edu/dist/7/272/files/2019/06/joint-review.pdf
Part I: The First Action of the Mind (Conceptualization)
1. Quote a sentence from the assigned essay in which a definition is given (citing the page number for your
quotation). Is your chosen example a real or nominal definition? If it is real, then is it logical, causal, or
descriptive? If it is logical, then distinguish both the genus and the essential difference. If it is causal, then
distinguish whether there are formal, final, material, or efficient causes involved. If it is descriptive, then state
whether it uses a property or an accident. [Review: see Lessons 10–12]
Part II: The Second Action of the Mind (Judgment)
2. Quote a sentence from the assigned essay in which a universal affirmative Type A proposition is given
(citing the page number for your quotation). Rewrite the proposition in your chosen example in standard form,
distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single uppercase letters to define your terms.
[Review: see Lessons 14–17]
3. For the Type A proposition in #2 above, state its contrary, its contradictory, and its subalternate (each in
standard form, distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single uppercase letters to
define your terms, and labelling each proposition Type as A, E, I, or O). [Review: see Lesson 18]
4. If the Type A proposition in #2 above is FALSE, then state whether its contrary is TRUE, FALSE, or
UNDETERMINED; state whether its contradictory is TRUE, FALSE, or UNDETERMINED; and state
whether its subalternate is TRUE, FALSE, or UNDETERMINED. [Review: see Lesson 18]
5. Quote a sentence from the assigned essay in which a universal negative Type E proposition is given (citing
the page number for your quotation). Rewrite the proposition in your chosen example in standard form,
distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single uppercase letters to define your terms.
[Review: see Lessons 14–17]
6. For the Type E proposition in #5 above, state: its contrary; its contradictory; and its subalternate (each in
standard form, distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single uppercase letters to
define your terms, and labelling each proposition Type as A, E, I, or O). [Review: see Lesson 18]
7. If the Type E proposition in #5 above is FALSE, then state: whether its contrary is TRUE, FALSE, or
UNDETERMINED; state whether its contradictory is TRUE, FALSE, or UNDETERMINED; and state
whether its subalternate is TRUE, FALSE, or UNDETERMINED. [Review: see Lesson 18]
8. Quote a sentence from the assigned essay in which a particular affirmative Type I proposition is given
(citing the page number for your quotation). Rewrite the proposition in your chosen example in standard form,
distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single uppercase letters to define your terms.
[Review: see Lessons 14–17]
9. For the Type I proposition in #8 above, state: its subcontrary; its contradictory; and its subimplicate (each in
standard form, distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single uppercase letters to
define your terms, and labelling each proposition Type as A, E, I, or O). [Review: see Lesson 18]
10. If the Type I proposition in #5 above is TRUE, then state: whether its contrary is TRUE, FALSE, or
UNDETERMINED; state whether its contradictory is TRUE, FALSE, or UNDETERMINED; and state
whether its subalternate is TRUE, FALSE, or UNDETERMINED. [Review: see Lesson 18]
11. Quote a sentence from the assigned essay in which a particular negative Type O proposition is given (citing
the page number for your quotation). Rewrite the proposition in your chosen example in standard form,
PHIL 109: Final Exam (Summer 2020)
Hint: It is possible to extract everything you need for the final exam from the first two paragraphs of the essay. However, you may be able to find
other examples elsewhere in the essay that you find easier. Read the entire essay once through; then go back to it to find your preferred examples.
distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single uppercase letters to define your terms.
[Review: see Lessons 14–17]
12. For the Type O proposition in #8 above, state: its subcontrary; its contradictory; and its subimplicate (each
in standard form, distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single uppercase letters to
define your terms, and labelling each proposition Type as A, E, I, or O). [Review: see Lesson 18]
13. If the Type O proposition in #5 above is TRUE, then state: whether its contrary is TRUE, FALSE, or
UNDETERMINED; state whether its contradictory is TRUE, FALSE, or UNDETERMINED; and state
whether its subalternate is TRUE, FALSE, or UNDETERMINED. [Review: see Lesson 18]
14. Write the inverse of the proposition in #2 above. Show all the steps involved in the inference. Write all
propositions in standard form, distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single
uppercase letters to define your terms. [Review: see Lessons 19–20]
15. Write the inverse of the proposition in #5 above. Show all the steps involved in the inference. Write all
propositions in standard form, distinguishing the subject term from the predicate term by using single
uppercase letters to define your terms. [Review: see Lessons 19–20]
Part III: The Third Action of the Mind (Argument)
16. Quote a passage from the assigned essay in which you find a syllogism, an enthymeme, or an epicheirema
(citing the page number for your quotation). Choose only one argument type. Rewrite each proposition in your
chosen example in standard form, distinguishing the conclusion’s subject term from the conclusion’s predicate
term, as well as the middle term(s), by using single uppercase letters to define your terms, and labelling each
proposition Type as A, E, I, or O. Use square brackets to enclose any unspoken premises assumed in
enthymematic reasoning, if applicable. [Review: see Lessons 24–28]
17. Analyze the argument in #16 above by checking it for validity and then stating whether it is VALID or
INVALID. Prove your answer by drawing a Venn diagram for the argument, labeling it according to your
analysis in #16 above. If the argument is INVALID, state each one of the four rules which the argument
violates. If the argument is VALID, state whether or not it is SOUND, and why. [Review: see Lessons 25–27]
18. Quote another passage from the assigned essay (different from your example in #16) in which you find a
syllogism, an enthymeme, or an epicheirema (citing the page number for your quotation). Choose only one.
Rewrite each proposition in your chosen example in standard form, distinguishing the conclusion’s subject
term from the conclusion’s predicate term, as well as the middle term(s), by using single uppercase letters to
define your terms, and labelling each proposition Type as A, E, I, or O. Use square brackets to enclose any
unspoken premises assumed in enthymematic reasoning, if applicable. If you wish, instead of citing another
passage, you can paraphrase what you discern the main argument of the entire essay to be, by stating your
interpretation as a syllogism, enthymeme, or epicheirema, and then formalizing that argument according to the
preceding symbolization instructions for #18. [Review: see Lessons 24–28]
19. Analyze the argument in #18 above by checking it for validity and then stating whether it is VALID or
INVALID. Prove your answer by drawing a Venn diagram for the argument, labeling it according to your
analysis in #18 above. If the argument is INVALID, state each one of the four rules which the argument
violates. If the argument is VALID, state whether or not it is SOUND, and why. [Review: see Lessons 25–27]
20. Quote a passage from the assigned essay in which you find a modus ponens argument, a modus tollens
argument, a denying the antecedent fallacy, an affirming the consequent fallacy, a sorites, a hypothetical
syllogism, a conjunctive syllogism, a disjunctive syllogism, a constructive dilemma, a destructive dilemma, or
a reductio ad absurdum argument (citing the page number for your quotation). Choose only one argument
type. Symbolize your chosen argument by using the techniques you learned in this course. State whether your
chosen argument is VALID or INVALID. Is it also SOUND? [Review: see Lessons 21–22, 30–31, and 33]