Political risk analysis is a risk management technique that examines the likelihood that political decisions, events, or conditions will have a major impact on a company’s profitability or the projected value of a given business decision. Political risks can affect businesses in a variety of ways, and political risk analysts employ both qualitative and quantitative approaches to examine and assess them. Although political risk analysis has a long history, it was encouraged to become an institutionalized commercial practice in the 1970s by a series of worldwide crises. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil embargo of 1973, as well as the Nicaraguan and Iranian revolutions of 1978–79, were among them.
esearch suggest that one of the contemporary purpose of education is the preparation of workers for the global knowledge economy. The necessity of information technology in education is regarded as a political convention, decreed not only as the driver of economic growth, but advertised as the cure for social exclusion (Selmin et al 2001). The need to keep pace with society and prepare students for their roles in society are just two reasons to use technology in education. Educators and researchers refers strongly to the potential of technology to upgrade motivation and engagement of learners, to provide for different learning styles and improve learning outcomes (Eady and Lockyer 2013).
Therefore, literature suggest that one of the most powerful promises offered by technology is that learning will become more engaging. For example, Black (2008) and Ito et al (2008) suggest that interactivity of new media technologies provide a number of capabilities to enhance education. In fact, this is why drill and practice games , such as typing tutors can tempt children to learn content that they might otherwise consider ‘boring’. Studies completed by Collette Daiute (1985) demonstrates that children using word processors write better, because they can read their typed words, while they cannot read easily their own hand writing. Hence they receive instant feedback on their work, which they can easily modify using a word processor.
Other research finds that students learn more when they use technology to create new content themselves, rather than just being the receivers of material designed by others. A number of studies have found that students demonstrate stronger engagement, self-efficacy, attitudes toward school, and skill development when they are involved in creating own projects, such as creating reports, Power point presentation or video productions (Figg and Mchartney 2010; Elam et al 2012).
Vygotsky’s and Bandura’s theories provide educators with guidance on how to use technology in teaching and learning. . Learning occurs within a social environment, and technology can be used to facilitate social interaction and communication among learners in class, within a school, between schools and around the world (Eady and Lockyer 2013). Collaboration is also deep-rooted in Vygotsky’s theory of learning. He believed that in group-based learning there is a natural social nature of learning .Vygotsky proposed the notion of the zone of proximal development, which in essence is the difference between a learner’
