FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

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In psychology, there may be instances where it is important to understand what factors might affect behavior, cognition, and emotions. For example, there may be consideration of how nutrition and sleep may increase or decrease emotional states. If you were to manipulate two variables (showing images of sleep-deprived individuals and those with poor nutrition, and then those without) and then observe emotional states during those processes, you might see what changes occur, if at all. When you include two or more multiple factors that may be manipulated (independent variables) and observe participants through those combinations, several factors may help provide information on potential influences (in this case, on emotional states). The guiding principle is that if there are several potential factors that may influence a possible condition, a factorial design might be a useful method for study (Privitera, 2017).

This week, you will explore the design and usefulness of a factorial experimental design. Particular focus will be on testing multiple factors, looking at the same experiment factors, and samples for experimentation. Various design types such as between-subjects, within-subjects, and mixed designs will be examined while accounting for main effects, validity, and possible error variance through statistical considerations.

PT 1

You will now add information from this week’s materials to your Research Chart.

In the corresponding section, provide the name(s) of the method you reviewed, its primary use and when it should be used, strengths and limitations of the method, ethical considerations, and one example of when the method could be used (include your interests or something more general).

Length: Updated research chart, not including title and reference pages.

PT 2

For this assignment, you will extend your examination of the factorial experimental method through another SPSS hands-on activity. Referring to page 410 and the SPSS in Focus: General Instructions for Conducting a Factorial ANOVA in your text, follow the steps for conducting this analysis.

PT 3For this week’s reflection, consider the following points:

Explain the research situations that may require you to use factorial experimental methods (be sure to give examples/be specific).
Examine the limitations and benefits learned about these methods and their use.
Analyze any ethical considerations with implementing these methods.
Reflect on your experience with this week’s SPSS activity.
Include any questions you may have for your professor.

 

Sample Solution

England had created a romantic image of the South Seas that fuelled the desire for its annexation, by idealising it with stereotypes of everything that England wasn’t, centred around Tahiti. Where Englishmen felt their country was repressive, Tahiti was perceived as sexually permissive. Where England’s climate often prompted suffering in the winters and required hard toil to produce food, Tahiti was perceived as plentiful. The arrival of the English destroyed much of what they had found so attractive through the arrival of gunpowder, diseases such as smallpox and syphilis against which the locals were defenceless, tobacco and alcohol, destroying communities. It has been estimated that within ten years of the arrival of Europeans, close to 90% of the Polynesian population were wiped out, while the Aboriginal population plummeted from over 300,000 to around 80,000 in 1889, and the Maori population had dwindled to 40,000 by the beginning of the 20th century, counting for just 1/15 New Zealanders. (2)

To counter a popular misconception, however, this forceful imposition of English culture upon the islands was not the voyagers’ original intention. When Cook embarked on his first voyage in 1768, he received two sets of instructions from the admiralty. The first, relating to the observation of the Transit of Venus, gave the voyage a purpose. The second were opportunistic, and rarely discussed. These instructed Cook to “make discovery of” the southern landmass Terra Australis (appendix F), and to take possession of it if uninhabited. If not, the crew were to show the indigenous population “every kind of Civility and Regard”, reinforced by a letter from the 14th Earl of Morton, President of the Royal Society in London, who had organised the expedition (appendix G). The voyage was intended to be the perfect representation of the Enlightenment, furthering scientific research and uncovering the secrets of the last unknown quarter of the world, not one of violence and plunder. It is therefore clear that these instructions were disregarded when Cook’s expedition reached their destination, engaging in violence on numerous occasions. Aside from trade, at no point were these first encounters positive for the indigenous people.

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