Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

 

In many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken. An infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Sadock et al., 2015).

Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences. How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?

TO PREPARE:
Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.
Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.
Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.

Sample Solution

The adverse effects of institutionalized care and psychosocial deprivation have been documented for more than 100 years. Children who have been raised in institutions are at heightened risk of developing internalizing and externalizing disorders. Given the profound biological and psychological effects of institutional rearing, identifying neural and cognitive factors that influence the emergence of psychopathology in institutionalized children is of great interest. Using data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized control study on the effects of institutional care and a foster care intervention, this article examines two factors that appear to influence the emergence of psychopathology in children who have been institutionalized—neural indices of cognitive control and visual attention biases.

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The story of “Epicac” written by popular satirist Kurt Vonnegut takes its readers into the life of man and machine. There was been an excessive rise of technology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and in Vonnegut tries to satirize the growing boom of technology in modern society. Vonnegut’s major theme in the story of the doomed computer tells readers one important thing about modern society. Society is relying on technology too much and is going too far with its technological advancements.

 

The story takes place in an enormous lab for militia who are trying to develop the world’s largest super computer to use in general warfare. The computer, known as a Epicac, came out to be the world’s largest computer consisting of seven tons of electronic tubes, wires, and switches that covered the entire fourth floor of the building that he rested in (7). He was built to plot the course of any rocket located anywhere on Earth and could do the quickest calculating than anything else in existence (7). Lastly, he could sustain a conversation with the narrator (). Computers were not created to speak to people. They are just used to accomplish certain goals that humans would take months or maybe even years to achieve. If humans created a machine that could talk on its own, well that would be a giant leap in the advancement of technology. Vonnegut makes readers wonder if talking computers are really necessary. Is technology really supposed to be going that far?

 

The character of Epicac in one of his conversations with the narrator beings to learn the meaning of love. He writes poems that deal with emotion and prints them out to for the narrator. The narrator signs the poems and gives it to his crush, Pat, who only begins falling in love with him the moment that she reads the first poem. Being that the poems are about feeling and love, Epicac experiences emotion. Computers were not meant to experience emotion, but were created just to do work. Throughout the story, Epicac writes more and more poems and beings to believe that he is falling in love with Pat. Epiac begins to become more and humanistic in personality that it begins to feel as if he really is a human that can live and breathe just like everyone else.

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