Why is it important for women to be part of community forest resource management? What factors prevent them from participating in forest governance? In what ways would their presence improve governance outcomes? Use one country-specific example to illustrate.
Forest Resource Management
Forests provide global food security and resources, food, fodder, fuel and medicine for most of the 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty. The way people use and manage forests depends on the socio-economic and social-cultural factors, age and gender. Men and women often have different roles with regard to forest resource management. Forest policies and organizations overlook women`s specific needs and contributions, in part because of the identification of forestry as work of men. Both women`s and men`s knowledge of trees and other forest products is critical to the success of forest management projects and the maintenance of biodiversity. Women are principal practitioners of agroforestry systems in much of the world, where they devise innovations that integrate livestock, agriculture, horticultural and forest technologies and practice.
service industry, a recent study conducted by Zianuddin et al. (2017) on a hotel industry in Malaysia establishes the importance of marketing on the performance of hotel. A research was done on 108 employees from variety of department of Permai hotel (three star) using reliability analysis, descriptive frequency analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and regression analysis. They found some positive variables influencing performance such as communication, empathy etc but the most influential components of relationship marketing orientation that affect organizational performance were reciprocity. The results above were consistent with studies of Agarwal et al. (2003) in which they concluded marketing orientation is positively associated with both judgmental measurement of performance – service quality, employee or customer satisfaction as well as the objective measures of performance – market share or gross profit. Their study was based on 201 international hotels, where is specifically concludes that the impact of marketing orientation is to spur innovation.
CONCLUSION
This paper theoretically established a comparative analysis on how marketing orientation relates and compared to other business orientations such as product, brand and learning orientations. There are several overlapping positive relationships between these business orientations. However, while distinguishing between them, market orientation is the one that focuses most on their customer and links to innovation process, therefor such companies which are market-oriented are very difficult to be imitated by their competitors (Liao et al., 2011, p.307). Complementing the above observations, there are clear evidences suggesting a positive link between marketing orientation and business performance. Whether in service or manufacturing businesses, the marketing orientation is key for business performance. In short, we can conclude that while breaking down the business orientations, the marketing orientation integrates and dominates on several aspects of business functions, especially on innovation, suggesting marketing is management.