Hazardous Waste Categories

 

This assignment is designed to familiarize you with the physical, chemical, and hazardous properties that are used to properly classify hazardous wastes. The management and disposal of hazardous wastes depends on which category the hazardous waste is assigned. Some wastes are neutralized; others are incinerated or solidified. Properly classifying a hazardous waste ensures that the waste is compatible with allowable treatment technologies available for each class of hazardous waste, and it helps to ensure that workers will not be harmed when treating a misclassified waste.
Your assignment is to answer the following questions on hazardous waste in two parts.
Part A
Describe the different categories of hazardous waste that can be found in homes and residential buildings. Explain this using a table listing the properties that make each category hazardous. Based on the hazardous properties, propose your idea on how these wastes should be stored while waiting for periodic collection by the local community.
Part B
For a comparison between residential and industrial generators, what are four examples of hazardous wastes that are generated in a vehicle maintenance facility? Explain using a table to list the properties that make each category hazardous. For each hazardous waste identified, in your opinion, what are the biggest concerns that need to be addressed when the wastes are in storage for collection by a waste hauler?

 

Sample Solution

Hazardous-waste management refers to the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste that, if managed improperly, can endanger human health and safety as well as the environment. Hazardous wastes can be solids, liquids, sludges, or confined gases, and they are primarily produced by chemical, manufacturing, and other industrial processes. They may cause damage as a result of insufficient storage, transportation, treatment, or disposal. Improper hazardous-waste storage or disposal regularly contaminates surface water and groundwater supplies, as well as being a cause of hazardous land pollution. People who live in houses built near old and abandoned trash disposal sites may be especially exposed.

Exposure Therapy (ET) targets learned avoidant behaviours in response to situations that someone with PTSD might associate with the reason for their trauma. The aim of the therapy is to “expose” a client to what they fear or avoid in a safe way in order to decrease the fear and reduce avoidance by desensitization (Craske, Treanor, Conway, Zbozinek & Vervliet, 2014). Due to ET targeting learned behaviours, it is used regularly in conjunction with CBT (Foa, Rothbaum & Furr, 2003). A more modern take on ET is using Virtual Reality, and it is mainly used with veterans of war, as the scenes they were exposed to are easier to recreate than other forms of trauma, such as sexual assault, and is an alternative to imagination exposure (Rothbaum et al., 1999). Miyahira, Folen, Hoffman, Garcia-Palacios and Schaper (2010) conducted a case study of a Vietnam veteran that had completed 18 months in Iraq over two deployments. In this study, the soldier was treated with Virtual Reality Exposure (VRE) over 6 sessions. The participant reported that the VR headset made him feel as though he were back in Iraq and helped him to remember events of what happened more clearly. This is encouraging as the point of ET is to enable participants to re-live their trauma to be able to process it properly and therefor begin the healing process and to prevent sufferers of PTSD from developing long-term psychological damage (CITE). Difede and Hoffman (2002) also found promising results. Their case study consisted of administering VRE to survivors of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The participant’s symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Clinically Administered PTSD Scale. It was seen that there was a 90% reduction of symptoms of PTSD and an 83% reduction in symptoms of depression after completion of the therapy. Another treatment that works in similar ways is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).

This therapy is designed to target and treat the symptoms of trauma and is especially used to treat symptoms of PTSD and is recommended by NICE as a primary treatment (NICE, 2018). It is seen as a cognitive-behavioural treatment combined with aspects of exposure therapy (Boudewyns & Hyer, 1996) and it works by the participant recalling the traumatic events that they experienced whilst simultaneously having their attention directed to a physical bilateral stimulation they are receiving, such as hearing tones in alternating ears, moving eyes rapidly from side to side, or tapping sensations of either side of the body. Similarly to ET, this therapy works by allowing the mind to safely experience traumatic events, letting the mind process them fully in order to heal appropriately (Shapiro, 1996). A systematic narrative review was carried out on the effectiveness of EMDR for PTSD from four randomized control trials and two meta-analyses. It was found that the therapy was ab

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