Smoking is a major health concern in both developed and developing countries. Smoking cessation counseling is of major importance for health care providers such as physicians, psychologists, nurses and many further therapeutic workers. Individual counseling from a smoking cessation specialist may help smokers to make a successful attempt to stop smoking. Individual counseling is more effective than no treatment or brief advice in promoting smoking cessation. Individual counseling is more effective than self‐help materials in promoting smoking cessation. Healthcare professionals can help patients quit by: Advising them to quit; offering brief counseling; and prescribing cessation medications.
Rationality in the past was more reflective of ‘substantive’ value as an ‘ideal state’ of health but the modern ‘trend’ moved towards ‘formal’ methods that were effectively applied to ‘increase vitality’ and ‘enhance life expectancy’ in society (Cockerham, Abel & Luschen, 1993, Weber, 1904). This signifies that contemporary society has more control over their health as essentially more knowledgable in recognizing ‘consumption versus production’; ‘choices versus life-chances’; class similarities versus distinctions’; and ‘self-control versus conformity’ that shapes real operationalization healthy lifestyles I postmodern western society (Cockerham, Abel & Luschen, 1993, Weber, 1904).
In the West ‘formal rationality’ society applied practical experiments to dispute beliefs therefore making it possible to improve rather than abstract from worldly knowledge by challenging ‘religious dogma’, customs and traditions (Kennedy 1987 p.30, Cockerham, Abel & Luschen, 1993) and not just follow beliefs without questioning whether they are true or false, for example, whether God exists – can be or not be believed due to lack evidence and facts to prove there is a god (Cobern, 2000). Human thought during the enlightenment era believed what they were taught by religious leaders was not questioned, for example, the Calvinists’ belief was that life after death existed, however, no facts and information confirmed or denied this belief (Weber, 1904). However, knowledge in society provided science as a way to view information and facts to be true or false with consistency and evidence to confirm society’s reasoning and knowledge of whether it is a ‘reality’ or ‘belief’, for example, so you can feel, smell, taste or see it, therefore, the brain interprets whether it is ‘real’ or just a ‘belief’ (Cobern, 2000).
