The purpose of juvenile probation is to provide an alternative to incarceration for young offenders and to offer guidance, support, and structure that can help them stay out of trouble. Probation is typically imposed in lieu of a jail or prison sentence, with the goal of rehabilitating youth who have committed minor offenses (Siegel & Welsh, 2017).
When juveniles are placed on probation there are certain conditions that must be met such as attending counseling sessions or paying restitution for damages done. Other conditions may include regular check-ins with their probation officer or avoiding contact with certain individuals who could potentially lead them down the wrong path. Additionally, depending on severity of offense they may also need to abide by curfews & other restrictions set forth.
In terms of responsibilities held by juvenile probation officers it’s their job to ensure that everyone under their watch stays compliant and meets all required obligations while helping them stay focused on rehabilitation if needed. They do this through monitoring & providing resources which could range from substance abuse programs to educational support services plus they act as a mediator between family court systems & relevant agencies when necessary.
Overall, juvenile probation provides an important outlet for young people who have made mistakes but still deserve another chance at making positive change within their lives.
Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual group, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons, whereby – in contrast to assassination – the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat – and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organisation), (imperilled) victims, and main target (audiences (s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought (Schmid & Jongman, 1988, p. 28)
For their study, Weinberg, Pedahzur and Hirsch-Hoefler selected 73 definitions from the 55 articles and compared these to Schmid’s (1988) 22 elements. The exercise yielded mixed results. For example, while some components such as the psychological elements of terrorism were in decline (41.5% to 5.5%), probably due to the absence of contributors from the field of psychology; the authors of the articles in the three journals made no variations between terrorist targets, that is – “combatants and non-combatants” or the “immediate target and wider audience” (p. 782). However, certain traits remained prevalent across both studies, and were used by the authors to generate another definition: “terrorism is a politically motivated tactic involving the threat or use of force or violence in which the pursuit of publicity plays a significant role” (p. 782).
The significant achievement of the trio lay in the ability to adopt observable and measurable terrorism components in designing their definition of terrorism. Thus, a remarkable achievement for research in the field of terrorism, especially media-related terrorism research as a result of the renewed focus on the publicity component, an element, which has remained relatively constant across both studies (p. 781).
However, in line with Sartori’s (1970) assertion that “the rules for climbing and descending along a ladder of abstraction are thus very simple rules ….We make a concept more abstract and more general by lessening its properties or attributes …” (p. 1041), the definition by the trio, may have lost one of the core ingredients of terrorism – the psychological impact. The trio had, however, explained that the reduction in salience accorded the psychology element, is not unconnected to the temporal differences from Schmid’s study. They also suggested that the writers of the published articles, which they used for the
