Hypertension is a chronic of blood pressure

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Response #1 Post a response to one peer in your discussion group. In the post identify the organ damage that can occur as a result of Hypertension. Describe the pathophysiologic process of the organ damage.

Peer discussion

 

Hypertension is a chronic of blood pressure that, in a long-term causes end-organ damage and results in increased morbidity and mortality. It follows that patient with arterial hypertension may have an increase in cardiac output, an increase in systemic vascular resistance, or both. Three pathophysiologic mechanisms of primary hypertension.

Renin-angiotensin system: The protease renin cleaves angiotensin to yield their inactive peptide angiotensin I. The latter is converted into an active octapeptide, angiotensin II by the angiotension-conversting enzyme (ACE). Though the renin-angiotensin system is widespread in the body, the main source of the renin is the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney. The apparatus senses the renal perfusion pressure and the sodium concentration in the distal tubular fluid. In addition, renin release is stimulated by beta and decreased by alpha adrenoceptor stimulation. Angiotensin II concentration suppress renin secretion via a negative feedbacks loop. Angiotensin II acts on specific angiotensin and receptors causing muscles contraction and the release of aldosterone. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an important role in the control arterial pressure including the sodium balance.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide: is the released from arterial granules. It produces natriuresis, diuresis and a modest decrease in blood pressure, while decreasing plasma renin and aldosterone. Natriuretic peptides also alter synaptic transmission from the osmoreceptors’ is released as a result of the stimulation of atrial stretch receptors. ANP concentration are increased by raised filling pressure and in patients with arterial hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy as the wall of the left ventricle participates in the secretion of ANP.

Natriuretic peptides play a role in the control of vascular tone and interact with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. By inhibiting their degradation, peptidase inhibitors make these naturally occurring peptides more effective, thereby reducing vascular resistance. However, there are only small-scale trials of their efficacy. Overall. recent studies have failed to demonstrate the superiority of modern agents over the more traditional drugs, except in special circumstances. In many patients, effective treatment is achieved by the association of two or more agents with gain in efficacy and reduction of side-effects.

 

Sample Solution

The accounting industry is one of the most steadfast on the planet. It has often been called the “language of business,” and is the backbone of every economic entity. Thus, as the global economy progresses, so does the need for accountants. The profession measures the results of an organization’s economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including investors, creditors, management and regulators. Accounting reports provide information on a company’s financial position, its liquidity, solvency, cash flows and day-to-day operations. This report aims to better understand accounting discourse communities. It discusses the standardization of reporting practices, various standard-setting boards, organizations available to professionals in the community and current issues in the field. Considering first the industry as a whole, the report then discusses tools of the trade, professional accounting communities and current issues in the industry. Finally, it narrows to various discourse communities within Deloitte specifically and the tangible benefits that these communities produce. This information will be invaluable to the brothers of the Beta Alpha Psi Accounting Fraternity as they prepare for graduation and ultimately careers in the accounting industry.

Accountancy as a Profession

Auditors are the “fact-checkers” of accounting information and it is up to them to call out fraudulent bookkeeping activities. The industry values ethical behavior above all else, and one needs not dig deeper than the 2001 Enron and WorldCom scandals for evidence as to why. These companies committed enormous fraud over the course of many years, fudging the books to increase assets, lower expenses and misstate various other accounts in an attempt to cover up mounting debts and overstate future potential. These reporting infractions would have likely amounted to nothing more than a slap on the wrist and a couple lost jobs had the auditors over at Arthur Anderson done their job initially. Unfortunately, those assigned to check Enron’s and WorldCom’s books for errors turned a blind eye to the mess, giving birth to the greatest accounting scandals in modern history. An auditor must pit his or her moral compass against corruption and fraudulent activities even when calling these activities into question may not be in his or her best personal interest.

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