Industrial Hygiene

Welding fumes are a common occupational exposure. Several different welding fumes can cause similar
adverse health effects. Personal sampling of a welding operation at a manufacturing facility produced the
following 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) results for individual metal fumes.
Metal Fume Result OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV
Antimony 0.05 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³
Beryllium 0.00001 mg/m³ 0.002 mg/m³ 0.00005 mg/m³ (I)
Cadmium 0.025 mg/m³ 0.1 mg/m³ 0.01 mg/m³
Chromium 0.02 mg/m³ 1 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³
Copper 0.03 mg/m³ 0.1 mg/m³ 0.2 mg/m³
Iron Oxide 0.5 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ 5 mg/m³ (R)
Magnesium Oxide 0.02 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³
Molybdenum 0.003 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ (I)
Nickel 0.25 mg/m³ 1 mg/m³ 1.5 mg/m³ (I)
Zinc Oxide 0.3 mg/m³ 5 mg/m³ 2 mg/m³ (R)
(R) Respirable fraction (I) Inhalable fraction
Briefly summarize the primary health effects associated with overexposure to each type of metal fume,
including both acute and chronic health effects. Explain what analytical methods you would use for evaluating
health hazards in the workplace.
Identify the types of metal fumes that would produce similar health effects on an exposed worker. Assume that
each listed metal can cause respiratory irritation. Use the equation in 1910.1000(d)(2)(i) to calculate the
equivalent exposure (in relation to OSHA PELS) for the metal fumes with similar health effects based on the
“Result” column in the table above. Discuss whether you believe any of the individual metal fume exposures or
the combined exposure exceeds an OSHA PEL or an ACGIH TLV.

Sample Solution

association that salvages creatures from labs once they were finished being probed. One of the rabbits passed on soon after a month, and another following a few years. After four years, Moore saw that his third hare, Marilyn, was eating less and had slight wetness around her eyes and nose, all side effects of a wiped out rabbit. He took her to the vet, yet the veterinarian trusted Marilyn was fine and gave her an anti-microbial. Soon after a couple of days, Moore woke up to the sound of Marilyn shouting; she was bouncing around lopsided and was winded. Moore powerlessly looked as Marilyn kicked the bucket an excruciating and vicious passing. Very much cared for rabbits regularly satisfy ten years. Moore stated, “I don’t know for certain if Marilyn’s demise at 4 years of age was a consequence of the examinations performed on her, however the other two hares I received were from a similar clump from a similar lab … I currently realize that the other two kicked the bucket the equivalent awful passing since I discovered them in indistinguishable conditions to Marilyn” (Moore). In addition to the fact that Moore adopted rabbits from the Freedom + Rescue Project, however he likewise embraced Bowie, a feline, in 2013. He was a couple of months old when he left the lab and had an enormous cut on his back. As indicated by Moore, despite the fact that Bowie is acceptable with different creatures and fairly friendly with his proprietor, he is alarmed of others; he covers up for a considerable length of time at whatever point Moore has visitors over and doesn’t permit anybody to control him in any capacity (Moore). Regardless of whether somebody concurs with creature testing or not, it isn’t far from being obviously true that creature testing presents extraordinary injury and dread for powerless creatures who are compelled to endure in these labs, as observed with Marilyn and Bowie.

Creature testing can go back to 500 BC when individuals played out a training called vivisection, the analyzation of live creatures with the end goal of logical research. Doctors like Aristotle, Herophilus, and Erasistratus performed vivisection so as to study how living beings worked. In places like Rome and Alexandria, vivisection was for the most part rehearsed on human lawbreakers. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that mutilation of the human body was precluded in Greece, they depended on creatures to get more information. Aristotle contended that creatures needed knowledge, so the thoughts of equity and treachery didn’t concern them. Later on in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, French savant Rene Descrates accepted that creatures were “automata”; he arrived at the resolution that creatures could really feel like people do, but since they couldn’t figure, they weren’t aware of those sentiments. Then again, Theo

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