Insomnia and Sleep Disorders 

 

S.H., age 47, reports difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. These problems have been ongoing for many years, but she has never mentioned them to her health care provider. She has generally “lived with it” and selftreated the problem with OTC Tylenol PM. Currently, she is also experiencing perimenopausal symptoms of night sweats and mood swings. Current medical problems include hypertension controlled with medications. Past medical history includes childhood illnesses of measles, chickenpox, and mumps. Family history is positive for diabetes on the maternal side and hypertension on the paternal side. Her only medication is an angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor and diuretic combination for hypertension control. She generally does not like taking medication and does not take any other OTC products.

Diagnosis: InsomnIa
1. List specific goals of therapy for S.H.
2. What drug therapy would you prescribe? Why?
3. What are the parameters for monitoring the success of the therapy?
4. Discuss specific patient education based on the prescribed therapy
5. List one or two adverse reactions for the selected agent that would cause you to change therapy.
6. What would be the choice for second-line therapy?
7. What OTC and/or alternative medicines might be appropriate for this patient?
8. What dietary and lifestyle changes might you recommend?
9. Describe one or two drug–drug or drug–food interactions for the selected agent.” 278 https://www.homeworkmarket.com/homework-answers?page=278

Analyze the sociological theories presented in this unit.
Select five theories that you feel would benefit your community. Rank them in order of most effective to least effective. Describe how the theories could be applied to criminal behavior in your community.
Take the theory that you believe would benefit your community most effectively and find four sources you can use to look at both sides of the issue, two supporting your choice and two not supporting your choice. Analyze and argue both sides of the theory selected.

Sample Solution

Insomnia and Sleep Disorders

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep, hard to stay asleep, or cause you to wake up too early and not be able to get back to sleep. You may still feel tired when you wake up. Insomnia can sap not only your energy level and mood but also your health, work performance and quality of life. Temazepam is the most commonly prescribed BZD for insomnia. The choice of a BZD should be based on the desired onset and duration of action. The ultimate goal of insomnia treatment include reduction of sleep and waking symptoms, improvement of daytime function, and the reduction of distress. Physicians must monitor patients with clinical evaluation, questionnaires, sleep logs, and continued sleep studies.

Pharmaceutical nanocarriers, that are designated as NPDDS, can be classified in different ways, which are according to the raw materials, physicochemical characteristics (size, charge, number of lamellae, permeability), preparation methods, in vivo behavior. In a classification according to the materials used in their preparation, NPDDS can be of lipidic nature as liposomes, micelles, Transfersomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, or of polymeric nature as nanoparticles, micelles, and niosomes [65-67].

Various materials can be used to prepare nanoparticles such as proteins, polysaccharides and synthetic polymers. The choice of matrix materials is dependent on numerous factors, including : (a) size of nanoparticles required; (b) natural properties of the drug, e.g., aqueous solubility and stability; (c) surface characteristics such as charge and permeability; (d) degree of biodegradability, biocompatibility and toxicity; (e) Drug release profile wanted; and (f) Antigenicity of the final product.

In recent years, polymer–nanoparticle composite materials have attracted the attention of a number of researchers, due to their synergistic and hybrid properties derived from several components. Whether in solution or in bulk, these materials offer unique properties (mechanical, electrical, optical and thermal) [69].
The field of polymer nanoparticles (PNP) is rapidly growing and playing a pivotal role in a broad spectrum of areas ranging from electronics to the Photonics, conducting materials to sensors, medicine to biotechnology, pollution control of environmental technology, and so forth, during the last decades [70, 71] . New and newer polymers have been trying to develop nanoparticles for their application as drug carriers. Craparo et al., 2008 described the preparation and physicochemical and in vitro biologic

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