Legality

 

Explain why legality is only the first step in behaving ethically, describe management’s role in setting ethical
standards, corporate social responsibility, and distinguish between compliance-based and integrity-based
codes of ethics.

 

Sample Solution

Legality

Ethic goes beyond obeying laws to include abiding by the moral standards accepted by the society. Ethics reflects people’s proper relationships with another. Legality is more limiting, it refers only to laws written to protect people from fraud, theft, and violence. Managers often set formal ethical standards, but more important are the messages they send through their actions. Management’s tolerance or intolerance of ethical misconduct influences the employee more than written ethics codes do. Therefore, ethics set standards as to what is good or bad in organizational conduct and decision making. It deals with internal values that are a part of corporate culture and shapes decisions concerning social responsibility with respect to the external environment. Compliance-based codes of ethics are concerned with avoiding legal punishment, whereas integrity-based codes of ethics define the organization’s guiding values, create an environment that supports ethically sound behavior, and stress a shared accountability among employees.

Some may argue that resistance in this epigram is tentative – though the verb and the adjective are, to an extent, mutually exclusive. Lisa Hopkins remains adamant that despite flashes of strength, overall, ‘Elizabeth feels less free to commit herself. Indeed, I shall be suggesting that Elizabeth was, in fact, nervous of writing because in an age of ambiguity and wordplay, it offered too many hostages to fortune’. I agree to an extent with Hopkins – Elizabeth was nervous, but, if anything, wordplays and ambiguities allowed for the Queen’s most effective subtle jibes. Hopkins does later accept this viewpoint however; ‘ambiguities and suggestiveness were strengths rather than handicaps’. This matches my line of argument: Elizabeth employed vague literary devices – ambiguities, wordplay, syntax – to show resistance when she was at her most restricted.

In later epigrams, the Queen directly addresses gender constructs to manifest her resistance. In ‘Defiance of Fortune’ (1589) for example, there exists the idea that the Queen was caught between the inevitability of fortune and constraints of her gender: ‘Never think you fortune can bear the sway / Where virtue’s force can cause her to obey’. Indeed, the poem asks fortune to not be so adamant in the power of its wheel, ‘bear the sway’, as the pressure of ‘virtue’s force’ (her feminised expectations), can be dominant. Interestingly, the reticence witnessed in Elizabeth’s earlier, most vulnerable epigram has almost entirely disappeared. Elizabeth is represented as actively declaring that she shall not be passive and leave her fate to chance. This is made possible by the change in power relationship to her audience. By this point, Elizabeth’s power as England’s monarch allows for a more active verse, although the self-deprecating tone which claims her gender may still limit her ability remains. I believe however that admittance of her ‘weak’ gender is itself a sign of resistance. She is once again not allowing potential opponents to seek out problems when she herself has negotiated them.

In other poems addressing an international audience, Elizabeth similarly tackles

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