Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis: a Clinical and Pathological Study of 28 Cases

 

Malignant mesothelioma arising from the serosal membranes of the tunica vaginalis is rare. Most examples in the published medical literature are individual case reports. This study presents the clinicopathological findings of mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis in one of the largest series to date. Individuals with mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis were identified from our institution database, and their clinicopathological features were recorded. A retrospective search of the pathology electronic medical record was performed for paratesticular malignant mesothelioma diagnosed between 1990 and 2020. A total of 28 cases were identified. The morphologic and immunohistochemical features were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained from physicians’ notes. The median age was 58 years (range, 16-85 years). Nine presented with hydrocele, 4 with testicular mass and one with testicular pain. The latter was incidentally diagnosed on microscopic examination, and no grossly identified tumor. All patients were diagnosed on orchiectomy, except one who was diagnosed on a hydrocelectomy specimen. The clinical presentation of the remaining is unknown. Most but one patient, presented with unilateral tumors; predominantly right-sided (n=18). Follow up data was available for 13 patients (range 2 mon-15 years), 6 had no evidence of disease, 4 died of disease and 3 are alive with metastatic disease. Tumor size was available for 11. The median size was 6.5 cm (range, 1-13 cm). Microscopically, tumors were predominantly epithelioid (n=18) with papillary, tubulopapillary, solid, or tubular architectures. The cells had moderate amounts of pale to eosinophilic cytoplasm with moderate to marked nuclear pleomorphism. The remaining showed a mixed biphasic morphology with epithelioid and sarcomatoid (spindle cell) components (n=9). No purely sarcomatoid tumors were identified. Immunohistochemically, tumors were consistently positive for calretinin, WT1, and podoplanin, while are negative for MOC31, BER-EP4 and OCT3/4. L1CAM was negative all except one (1/8). In summary, Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis is rare malignant tumor with poor survival and high propensity for metastasis. Tumors arising within testis and metastasis to the testis should be excluded to establish the accurate diagnosis and careful evaluation of clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features is required.

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entrepreneurs in South Africa. In my own country Botswana, the government established the Citizen Entrepreneurship Development Agency (CEDA), whose aim is to support the local entrepreneurs both financially and technically so as to create more jobs and alleviate poverty.

Figure 5: Shows Nigeria’s unemployment rate

Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/unemployment-rate

Hindrances to Africapitalism

The economic philosophy of Africapitalism is of much benefit to countries within the African continent that have very transparent governments. However in Nigeria this unfortunately is not the case. The economic philosophy of Africapitalism fails to reach many of its goals due to internal problems in the country’s government such as corruption. Some of the challenges faced by the Government of Nigeria are discussed and elaborated below.

Corruption

Nigeria’s public sector is one of the key prospects for Nigeria to further develop its economy. In order for Africapitalism to thrive it is important that both the private and public sector work hand in hand so that the goals of Africapitalism can be achieved. In Nigeria this is a problem that is being addressed, though not much has been done until recent times. Huge government funds that should have been allocated into improving the wellbeing of Nigerians is going into top government officials’ pockets. This is a huge problem as many Nigerian officials are living better off at the expense of millions of Nigerians who do not have an adequate standard of living. For instance Former President Goodluck Jonathan has been accused of embezzling an astonishing $15 billion worth of public funds during his 5 year term as President. Former President Goodluck Jonathan is only one of the many high ranked officials who have committed such offences. Under Jonathan’s presidency, Nigeria’s corruption levels had peaked, with Transparency International ranking the West African nation as the 136th most corrupt nation out of the 167 nations that were surveyed.

Inadequate Infrastructure

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