Weber’s (1904) ‘Formal rationality’ concept on a ‘macro’ level compared social action of ‘purposeful goal-orientated actions’ at a ‘micro’ level was observed by Weber (1904) to replace ‘traditional’ actions that formed ‘rational-legal’ authorities as ‘rationally constructed’ on the ‘principles of efficiency and calculation’ in Western society which led to the ‘rise of bureaucracy’ and ‘inherently impersonal forms of social organisations’ that were ‘more efficient’ ‘theoretically’ led to warnings from Weber (1904) of a form of ‘iron cage’ which will ‘impose rationalisation’ on individuals in the future that Weber (1904) argued could not be reversed as ‘human beings have deliberately chosen this course of action as their best alternative’ (Weber, 1904, Weiss 1987 p.159, Cockerham, Abel & Luschen, 1993). Weber (1904) ‘was convinced that’ ‘without a doubt’ the ‘process of progressive rationalisation would increase restrictions on ‘free’ ‘will’ and ‘actions’ of ‘individuals’, but Weber’s (1904) concerns were not ‘fatalistic conclusion’ of the direction ‘modern society was being ‘forced’ towards but rather was a concern for ‘individual’s freedom of action’ that was important ‘part of the overall development of a formal rationalisation process’ (Weber, 1904, Weiss 1987 p.159 , Cockerham, Abel & Luschen, 1993). However, on a critical point of view, arguably Weber’s (1904) ‘analysis appears to be more of a warning than certainty’ as a conclusion that all ‘formal’ social actions will deplete individual freedom (Weber, 1904, Cockerham, Abel & Luschen, 1993, Roth 1987, Tenbruck 1975 [1980]).

Weber (1949) also stated with evidence that ‘rationality’ would be a ‘force to enhance human freedom’ as the knowledge that brought science to the world also brought information and technology to the contemporary society that became a great source of immediate information for a healthier lifestyle, for example, via media sources that developed from ‘bureaucratic organisations’ but brought ‘feelings of freedom’ as a new ‘trend’ in contemporary western lifestyle focus on a healthier well-being in society which can ‘pursue a clear conscious’ in their social actions with the most adequate knowledge for the ‘purpose’ of ‘means-to-end’ goal as a ‘rational’ accomplishment (Weber, 1949 pp. 124-125, Cockerham, Abel & Luschen, 1993, Roth 1987, Tenbruck 1975 [1980]). Those that ‘break the iron cage’ tend to liberate themselves to control their own paths in life choices and circumstances to gain a positive ‘end’ with ‘self-responsibility’ in society by applying the ‘western bureaucratic rationalisation’ methods to gain ‘freedom’ and not ‘dehumanisation’ ends (Lowith 1982, Alexander 1987, Roth 1987, Weber 1949, Cockerham, Abel & Luschen, 1993). Roth (1987) argues that Weber (1949) considered ‘bureaucratic rationalisation’ to not ‘dehumanise’ but rather that Weber (1949) emphasised that ‘tradition and modernity’ should be combined to bring new lifestyle choices with a positive ‘rationalised’ direction instead of the ‘bureaucratic aspects of formal rationalism’ on its own, therefore, Weber (1949) warned that humanity will inevitably experience ‘dehumanising’ effects without ‘traditional substantive rational