Youth are exposed to large amounts of violence in real life and media, which may lead to desensitization. Desensitization is a type of behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning. It was developed by Wolpe during the 1950s. This therapy aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus using counter conditioning. The patient is counter-conditioned, taught a new association that is to counter the original behavior learnt. The new response they learn is relaxation instead of fear (being mindful) because fear and relaxation cannot coexist (reciprocal inhibition). A desensitization hierarchy is constructed and the patient works their way through, visualizing each anxiety provoking event while engaging in the relaxation response.
The research will be conducted as a cross-sectional study which analyses the behaviour of the of Dutch households regarding waste management during a period of three months. The research will be conducted with an online survey in the Netherlands by a professional Dutch market research company among a random selection of households in four Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Enschede, Eindhoven, Rotterdam). The Netherlands represents a cultural context where sustainability has been a societal priority for years, where sustainable development and pro-environmental behaviour are integrated in school curricula, and where buying environment-friendly products is comparatively common (Grønhøj & Thøgersen, 2017) (Goorhuis et al., 2012).
The population criteria in this research will be:
Households in Amsterdam (North Holland), Enschede (East Holland), Eindhoven (South Holland) and Rotterdam (West Holland).
The study will apply probability sampling (random sampling) to ensure that every household of the population from the Dutch cities get an equal chance to be part of the selected sample. Random sampling method will be used because it is considered homogeneous so that it meets a minimum of 200 respondents (Ayu et al., 2018).
In order to have a result that is representative for the Dutch households, 100 households from each city will be randomly selected. Each participant will complete a questionnaire related to waste management significant issues: attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (Ajzen, 1991). The final sample will consist of 400 answered questionnaires that are each split in 3 parts (Ayu et al., 2018).
An online survey will be conducted to collect data. The survey will be separated in 3 sections regarding “Household Attitude in Waste Management”, “Household Subjective Norms in Waste Management” and “Household Perceived Behavioural Control in Waste Management” where the participants will be asked to respond to the questions on a 5-point rating scale (Ayu et al., 2018) (Ajzen, 1991).
The first section of the questionnaire consists of 20 questions regarding the attitude of the participants regarding waste management using interval scales with “Strongly Disagree”, “Disagree”, “Neither”, “Agree” and “Strongly Agree” as answer possibilities. This section aims to assess data on the attitude and mindset towards waste management. There will be 20 questions asked in this section (see Appendix 1.1) (Ayu et al., 2018).
The second section of the questionnaire consists of 20 questions regarding t
