Negative consequences to the field or stakeholders

 

Begin by locating several peer-reviewed articles from the past 5 years that support the problem you wish to address in your dissertation. These articles may be ones previously gathered for your annotated bibliography assignment or additional resources you select after receiving feedback on your topic from your course mentor.

For this assignment, create a problem statement. Your problem must come from a critical issue that must be addressed, otherwise negative consequences will occur or continue. In most cases, scholarly citations within the past 5 years are required to support the problem you will investigate.

Articulate a concise problem statement. Include appropriate published or relevant primary sources to document the existence of a problem worthy of doctoral level research. Follow these steps:

Present the general issue grounded in the research literature that leads to the need for the study.

Clearly describe and document the problem prompting the study. Include appropriate published or relevant primary sources to document the existence of a problem worthy of PhD doctoral-level research. Be sure to consider the following: What perspective is represented? For example, is the problem an individual level problem, an organizational problem, an industry problem, or a social problem?

Consider the theories relevant to predict, explain, and understand the problem.

To identify and articulate a problem, consider the potential negative consequences to the field or stakeholders if the proposed research is never conducted.

Sample Solution

The problem I will address in my dissertation is the lack of access to affordable mental health services for low-income and uninsured individuals in the United States. This is a critical issue that must be addressed as failure to do so can have serious consequences such as increased poverty, unemployment, homelessness, substance abuse and even suicide (Bradley et al., 2018; Hawkins et al., 2017).

Currently there are over 30 million Americans who are either uninsured or underinsured, with many living below the federal poverty line and unable to pay for mental health treatment (Frey & Hays 2016). As a result they often receive inadequate care which leads to worse outcomes compared those who receive regular professional help(Dorsey & Gallagher 2015). In addition it also puts an economic burden on society since untreated mental illness costs billions of dollars due to lost productivity or healthcare expenses needed treat related physical illnesses (Collins et al., 2015)

Although various initiatives such as The Mental Health Parity Act were passed by Congress in 2008 mandating insurance companies provide coverage for mental health services this has yet to translated into reduced out-of-pocket costs for consumers(Kucik et al., 2019). Moreover government funding still remains insufficient meaning individuals from lower socioeconomic status may find themselves ineligible for public assistance due being “over income” despite suffering financially (Parker-Pope 2013) .

In conclusion , lack of access to affordable mental health services continues be a major obstacle faced by low-income and uninsured individuals within United States. Since failure address this issue can lead negative consequences such increased rates of poverty, violence or death more needs done alleviate these disparities.

Genes that have genetical variation encode enzymes which metobolize drug, drug transporters, or drug targets. Variation in genes that can predict dose and safety of treatment for different types of cancer patient can have harmful influence on these patients’ treatment(25). For instance, polymorphism where in cytochrome P450 enzymes could cause to metabolite to drug slowly or very fast. So patient give an overdose symptoms or no response to drug by changing the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism, also it may cause an adverse drug reaction(26). Thereby , forecasting optimal dose of drug , inducing the harmful side effects can be provided by using polymorphism(27). In familial breast cancer, patients shows low survival rate to treatment with tamoxifen that is chemotherapeutic drug because of genetic variation in CYP2D6 that is seen as a poor metabolizer (28). There are some studies abour genetic testing on drug label including test for CYP450 polymorphisms.

Prognosis

Insteaf of using clinicopathologic parameters as a biomarker in biochemical testing for prognosis and selection of therapatic way for cancer patient , Genotyping or gene expression profiling by microarray and protein analysis by mass spectrometry is used for prognostic biomarkers with the understanding of the molecular mechanism of cancer subtypes(29).

Biomarkers can be used alone or with combination of other parameters for classify subgroups according to their risk rate and for leading to therapy decision. For example, tissue microarray analysis with combining molecular and clinical biomarker is more efficient than the clasical clinical parameter for patient who has renal cell carcinoma(30).

Approaches and Tools for Personalized Medicine

Instead of using PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and sequencing for personalized medicine testing, high throughput analyses that consist of microarray, mass spectrometry, second generation sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization, and high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis were started to use after human genome project . These techniques can analyse numerous target at the same time(31). New technologies improve sesitiveness, speciality, trueness of new b

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