Respondent conditioning (also known as classical or Pavlovian conditioning) is a learning process wherein a previously neutral stimulus (which would not alter behavior) acquires the ability to elicit a response (alter behavior). Respondent behavior is controlled by its antecedents. Operant conditioning, consequences that result in an increase or decrease the frequency in the same type of behavior under similar conditions. Operant behaviors are controlled by their consequences. Example in everyday context: your cell phone lights up and you see a text from an acquaintance. You respond to the text message. The conversation continues through text, and you enjoy the interaction. You are likely to respond next time the person texts you.
ition of authority, often to acquire illicit benefit. Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries. Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Corruption is most commonplace in kleptocracies, oligarchies, nacre-states and mafia states.
• Punishment for Corruption
• Corruption is a serious offence!
• A person convicted on a corruption offence shall be liable to a fine not exceeding $100,000/- or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years, or both, for each count of corruption.
• If it is proven that any matter or transaction is in relation to contract or a proposal for a contract with the government, the punishment would be a fine of $100,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 7 years or to both, for each count of corruption.
Consequences of Corruption
• Corruption has serious repercussions. If allowed to take root in society, it can lead to a breakdown in social order and lives are affected when ordinary people are prevented from receiving all the essential services that they are entitled to.
• It creates unfair competition and increases the cost of doing business. Every form of it is bad for economic growth and the reputation of an entire country can be tarnished.
CHEATING IN EXAM:-
Cheating in Exams. Cheating involves actual, intended, or attempted deception and/or dishonest action in relation to any academic work of the University. The University operates a zero tolerance policy in relation to cheating in examinations. People use various mechanisms to cheat like using digital watches, looking into other people’s paper, mobile phones, etc.
Many a times people involved in the education system also aid in cheating to their relatives or at the pretense of money. There are various reasons why students cheat as they are fed with wrong ideas about success, peer pressure, fear of getting less marks, lack of fear for the authority. Etc. At Universities also cheating is a common practice. It is often accompanied by violence. Students carry pistols or knives with them and cheat openly. They scare the invigilator away by terrorizing him with the gun.
