Paleolithic, Neolithic, Early-Late Bronze Age Art History

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The cultures that we examined created works of art that presented the human body in unique ways (both in terms of physical characteristics and underlying meaning). Discuss the meaning of the unique representations of form that the artists created throughout the periods that we’ve examined. Were there instances in which the representation of the human form was more than just an image of what the artist saw? Was the human form intended to represent an idea or address the concerns of the artist or those that commissioned the work? If so discuss what these concerns were and how they were approached through art. Your essay must use at least five (5) specific and dated examples drawn from at least 3 different cultures or time periods. The works you choose should back up your statements. The examples should be discussed fully within your narrative and not briefly addressed in a “bulleted list.”

 

 

Sample Solution

The Human Form: A Canvas for Cultural Narratives

Throughout history, the human form has transcended mere physical representation in art. Cultures have used it as a powerful tool to express their beliefs, values, and anxieties. By examining the unique portrayals of the human body across different periods, we gain a deeper understanding of the artistic mind and the cultural context in which it operated.

  1. The Power of Kings: Akhenaten’s Bust (1351-1334 BCE)

In ancient Egypt, artwork served to reinforce the divine authority of the Pharaoh. Akhenaten’s bust (1351-1334 BCE) from the Amarna Period deviates from the traditional Egyptian style. Here, the Pharaoh’s elongated body, stretched limbs, and full lips present an unconventional portrayal. This wasn’t a reflection of artistic limitations, but rather a deliberate attempt to depict Akhenaten’s unique physicality and, by extension, his special connection to the Aten, the sun god. The distorted form served a symbolic purpose, reinforcing the Pharaoh’s otherworldly status.

  1. The Idealized Warrior: The “Discobulus” (450 BCE)

Moving to Classical Greece, the “Discobulus” (Discus Thrower) by Myron (450 BCE) presents a stark contrast. This sculpture depicts a perfectly proportioned athlete in mid-throw, his muscles taut and his expression focused. The idealized form wasn’t meant to capture a specific individual, but rather to embody the Greek ideals of athletic prowess and physical perfection. The “Discobulus” served as a visual testament to the importance of physical training and the pursuit of excellence, central values in Greek society.

  1. The Suffering Savior: Giotto’s “Lamentation” (1305-1306)

Fast forward to the Italian Renaissance, and Giotto’s “Lamentation” (1305-1306) offers a powerful example of how the human form can be used to evoke emotions. The painting depicts the Virgin Mary cradling the lifeless body of Christ. Their contorted bodies and anguished expressions convey the profound grief and suffering following the crucifixion. This portrayal wasn’t meant to be a realistic depiction of the event, but rather to elicit an emotional response from the viewer, encouraging contemplation of Christ’s sacrifice and the Virgin Mary’s sorrow.

  1. The Anxieties of Modernity: Edvard Munch’s “The Scream” (1893)

The anxieties of the modern world are embodied in Edvard Munch’s “The Scream” (1893). The skeletal figure, with its elongated limbs and agonized expression, stands isolated in a swirling landscape. The distorted human form isn’t a reflection of reality, but rather a depiction of existential angst, alienation, and a sense of impending doom. Munch’s use of the human figure goes beyond mere representation; it becomes a conduit for expressing the anxieties of a rapidly changing world.

  1. The Power of the Collective: Jacques-Louis David’s “Oath of the Horatii” (1784)

Finally, Jacques-Louis David’s “Oath of the Horatii” (1784) from the French Revolution demonstrates how the human form can be used for political purposes. The painting depicts three brothers swearing an oath to defend the Roman Republic. Their strong, idealized figures, bathed in dramatic light, represent the ideals of patriotism and civic duty. The artist uses the human form not just to depict individual figures, but to embody the collective spirit of a nation in a time of political upheaval.

In conclusion, the human form has served as a powerful tool for artistic expression throughout history. By examining specific examples across cultures and time periods, we see how artists have gone beyond mere physical representation. They have used the human body as a canvas to express their deepest concerns, their cultural values, and the evolving narratives of humanity.

 

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