“Papal and Imperial Reforms”

1.) Read the handout from the book Reformation Europe by De Lamar Jensen (pp. 208 – 219, “Papal and Imperial Reforms” etc., & 224 – 225).2.) Read the handout containing excerpts of Galileo’s “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina” given in the book Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo by Stillman Drake (pp. 173 – 180).3.) Read the news article from Nature (Vol. 561, p. 441), which discusses a newly found letter written and edited by Galileo shortly before he wrote the letter in reading 2.4.) Read Chapter 6 of the book Galileo’s Daughter by Dava Sobel (pp. 59 – 70).Writing:For the readings contained in handouts (from Jensen, Drake/Galileo, and Nature), develop a list of questions (5 questions each for the first two, two questions for the last) that could be addressed during the course of each reading. These questions can concern issues that are unclear to you, or ideas that occur to you that merit additional development. In general, you should choose questions that could be used as a basis for class discussion. Especially consider questions that might have connections with modern society. For at least one question from each reading, be prepared to answer or discuss them on Friday.

 

Sample Solution

It is quite often that not all ideas for change will become a policy, this is mainly due to the political and economic constraints which the success of the social policies relies on. An example of economic constraints in action was recent reform of legal aid. The role of legal aid is to ‘help meet the costs of legal advice, family mediation and representation in a court or tribunal’ (Gov.co.uk, 2018). When this programme was first introduced, it covered all aspects of law and court proceedings, however cuts introduced withdrew ‘£350m from the £2.2bn legal aid scheme by removing entire areas of law from public funding, including nearly all family advice’ (Robins, 2012). This means that it will now become very difficult for individuals, who struggle with funding, to get divorces if they are in difficult situations such as an abusive marriage or have too many children to look after and so are unable to afford the prices. Consequently, the impact of this social policy reform is very harsh on some recipients and demonstrates how some social policies cannot be very far fetching due to a lack of funding. Therefore, unfortunately sometimes some social problems cannot be viable on an economic or political basis, stunting any possibility for a social policy to be made as a solution.

To conclude, the concept of need is so important in social policy as it is the main basis of knowledge that is needed to understand the unmet needs causing the social problem. This understanding then leads to suitable social policies being implemented as a solution. However, the making of social policy is a very complicated process that involves taking many different factors into consideration. Although there are a number of different factors that should be considered, it is arguable that the factors of external pressure, the media and individuals, and economic and political constraints are the most influential factors in the making of social policy.

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