Personalized System Instruction (PSI)

Students come to class with varying skills, abilities, and personal circumstances. As a follower of Christ, our first priority in public education should be to set an example of love and care, especially for those dealing with difficulty in their lives. One way we can do that is making sure we don’t exclude any students in our class, but show them that we care by helping them engage with others.

How we differentiate our instruction to meet each student’s need will help both the student and the educator. Below are different scenarios of students that might be part of your classroom. Discuss which instructional model would work best to help the student become proficient in the standard for each scenario. Explain how the instructional model would be used in the lesson. Give at least two advantages and one disadvantage of using that model.

A student with gross motor development issues. The standard being addressed in your lesson today is, high school course 1, standard 1.1 Combine and apply movement patterns, simple to complex, in aquatic, rhythms/dance, and individual and dual activities. The specific activity is the tennis serve.
A student with visual impairment. The standard being addressed in your lesson today is high school course 2, standard 2.6 Develop and describe a physical fitness plan that enhances personal health and perfor­mance in future leisure and workplace activities. The specific activity is to create a summer workout schedule.
An English language learner. The standard being addressed in your lesson today is high school course 1, standard 3.5 Develop personal goals to improve one’s performance in physical activities. The unit you are teaching is weight lifting.
A student with attention deficit disorder. The standard being addressed in your lesson today is high school course 2, standard 1.10 Analyze situations to determine appropriate strategies to use in combative, gymnastic/ tumbling, and team activities. The unit you are teaching is basketball.

lth can go to war, but more importantly, “the prince” where he has “the natural order” according to Augustine, and all authority is given to him. This is further supported by Aristotle’s Politics ((1996), Page 28): ‘a king is the natural superior of his subjects.’ However, he does later emphasise to put all faith in the prince is wrong and has consequences; a thorough examination of the cause of war is required along with the willingness to negotiate rival party (Begby et al (2006b), Page 312& 318). This is supported by the actions of Hitler are deemed unjustly. Also, in today’s world, wars are no longer fought only by states but also non-state actors like Al-Queda and ISIS, showing Vittola’s normative claim on authority is outdated. This is further supported by Frowe’s claim that the leader needs to represent the people’s interests, under legitimate authority, which links on to the fourth condition: Public declaration of war. Agreed with many, there must be an official announcement on a declaration of war (Frowe (2011), Page 59-60&63).
Finally, the most controversial condition is that wars should have a reasonable chance of success. As Vittola reiterated, the aim of war is to establish peace and security; securing the public good. If this can’t be achieved, Frowe argues it would be better to surrender to the enemy. This can be justified because the costs of war would have been bigger (Frowe (2011), Page 56-7).
Consequently, jus ad bellum comprises several conditions but most importantly: just cause and proportionality. This gives people a guide whether it’s lawful to enter a war or not. However, this is only one part of the theory of the just war. Nevertheless, it can be seen above that jus ad bellum can be debated throughout, showing that there is no definitive theory of a just war, as it is normatively theorised.

Jus in bello

The second section begins deciphering jus in bello or what actions can we classify as permissible in just wars (Begby et al (2006b), Page 323).
First, it is never just to intentionally kill innocent people in wars, supported by Vittola’s first proposition. This is widely accepted as ‘all people have a right not to be killed’ and if a soldier doe

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