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address an administrative issue in policing, courts, corrections, or probation/parole.

Follow the required outline for the final research paper:
1. Introduction – what is the theory or thesis and what is the importance of this topic?
2. Review of the relevant literature of the topic.
3. What are the relevant issues and what is/are the logical, evidence-based conclusions you can draw?
4. Recommendations for change?

Sample Solution

Administrative Issue in Policing: Pre-trial Detention and Bail Disparities

1. Introduction

Theory/Thesis: Unequal access to bail creates a two-tiered justice system where individuals with financial resources are able to secure their freedom while awaiting trial, while those without languish in jail. This pre-trial detention disproportionately impacts low-income individuals and communities of color, exacerbating existing social inequalities.

Importance: This issue undermines the principles of fairness and equal protection under the law. Pre-trial detention can lead to job loss, housing insecurity, and disrupted family ties. Additionally, individuals held in pre-trial detention are more likely to plead guilty, even if innocent, simply to be released from jail.

2. Review of Relevant Literature

  • Vera Institute of Justice (2020): A study by the Vera Institute found that nationwide, nearly half (46%) of people in jail are pre-trial detainees who haven’t been convicted of a crime.
  • Brennan Center for Justice (2021): Research by the Brennan Center highlights racial disparities in pre-trial detention, where Black and Latinx defendants are more likely to be detained than white defendants facing similar charges.
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2021): A report by the National Academies emphasizes the negative consequences of pre-trial detention, including increased recidivism rates upon release.

3. Issues and Conclusions

  • Issue 1: Financial Disparity: The current cash bail system disadvantages low-income individuals who cannot afford to pay bail, even for minor offenses. This creates a financial barrier to freedom.
  • Issue 2: Racial Bias: Racial bias in the criminal justice system can lead to discriminatory bail decisions, further marginalizing minority communities.
  • Conclusion: The pre-trial detention system is broken. It is not risk-based but wealth-based, leading to unnecessary incarceration and perpetuating social inequalities.

4. Recommendations for Change

  • Risk-based Bail: Implement risk-assessment tools to determine pre-trial detention based on the likelihood of flight or danger to the community, not financial resources.
  • Pretrial Release Programs: Expand the use of pretrial release programs that provide supervision and support services for defendants awaiting trial.
  • Eliminate Cash Bail: Consider abolishing the cash bail system altogether and replacing it with a system focused on risk assessment and public safety.
  • Racial Profiling Training: Provide mandatory racial profiling training for law enforcement and judicial personnel to address implicit bias in bail decisions.

Conclusion

The current pre-trial detention system is a critical administrative issue in policing and courts. Reforming this system to be fairer and more equitable is essential to ensure equal justice for all. By implementing risk-based bail, expanding pretrial release programs, and addressing racial inequalities, we can create a more just and effective criminal justice system.

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