Discuss prejudice and stereotypes in terms of:
In-group and out-group
Cultural differences
How the media affects prejudice
How might interventions reduce stereotype threat?
Cancer that is a heterogeneous disease have wide-range variety in same type of cancer. Every individuals response differently to the treatment. These differences are interest era of personalized medicine. A clinical applications of personalized medicine has wide influence fields. These applications involve diagnosis, screening, prediction, prognosis of treatment efficacy, control of patient after surgery to detect recurrence earlier and classification of patient into the small subgroups.
These subgroups favourably lead to choose targeted therapies. Targeted therapies provide high efficiency to respond rate to the therapy and survival consequences.(8) There are some current test for the varied aspects of personalized medicine (Table 1). Also personalized medicine contribute to the pharmaceutical companies. Because they waste o lot of money for the drug design. (9)
Cancer screening
Genetic and environmental factors are both contributor of the predisposition of cancer (10). Knowing the nature of these contributers is important to prevent the diseases ( adapting lifetstyle and behavior to the conditions). Sometimes genetic factors and cancer that are associated with each other affect significantly clinical intervention. For instance, as mentioned before if mutations occur at breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 and 2 (BRCA1,BRCA2) and at the same time if mutations occur at tumor suppressor genes , there is higher risk to develop the breast, ovarian, hematologic and prostate cancers(11). For these reason, regular screening, surgical measures and receive adjuvant therapies would undergo to prevent. Also genetic tests are used to analyse the inherited mutations DNA mismatch repair genes. Risk of advencing of colon cancer is high at the MLH1 and MSH2 genes(12). Under the light of this information cancer can be precluded with early screening colonoscopy to early detect and treat for cancer. Cancer databases that are about mutation types and polymorphisms are updated for public. These resources can be used to identify new biomarkers for screening.(13)
