Psychologist whose work was prevalent prior to the 20th century

The basic aim of the personalized medicine is applying right therapy to the right population of people by defining disease at the moecular level. So, identifying differences among the individuals support the new treatment methods and pharmaceutical companies to develop new cancer drugs. Patients who have similar clinical outcome and histological tumor type can give different response to the same drug(17). Prediction of who will be a nonresponders reduces the harmfull effect of drug on nonresponders like a potential toxic effect of drug and cost effect. Also when drug companies develop new drug, they focus on the patient population that benefit from drug to increase positive responds(17). U.S. Food and Drug Administration bringed development about targeted therapy. For example, to treat chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor(18) ,imatinib mesylate is used and to treat breast cancer(19), trastuzumab (Herceptin) is used. Molecular characteristics of these cancer types that are abnormal protein tyrosine kinase activity in chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor and HER-2 receptor in breastcancer is used as a predictive biomarker. By using these markers only individuals which have these molecular alteration is selected and it means they are favorable for the treatment. Using this way some cancer types’ survival rate is shifted from 0 to 70%(17). This application is used in non-small cell lung cancer treatment with using of mutations screeing. In this cancer type mutation occurs in kinase domain of EGFR. Gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors drug are used to treat and patients give a higher response to the treatment(20). Also if patient that is never smoked Asian females have adenocarcinomas, these drugs efficient on them(21). On the other hand, if the mutatuions occur at downstream effector KRAS, patient is resistant to to erlotinib(22). Also mutations that is at KRAS have a resistance to cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix) drugs in colon cancer patients. If the KRAS is wild type, these these drugs is effective on the patients(23). These responses that are specific and different are based on molecular profile. Some molecular test are done before the using of cetuximab or panitu

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Sigmund Freud is arguably one of the most influential and controversial psychologists of all time. He was born in 1856 to a Jewish family in Moravia and studied medicine at the University of Vienna (Freud, 1958). His work focused on understanding the unconscious mind through psychoanalysis, which looks at how an individual’s past experiences influence their present thoughts and behavior. Freud is credited for introducing many pioneering concepts such as the Oedipus complex, defense mechanisms, dream analysis, psychosexual stages of development and transference (McLeod 2016). Despite being met with mixed reactions from scholars during his lifetime - some denounced his ideas for being too radical while others praised them for providing insight into human psychology - society today has largely accepted his theories as foundational knowledge in psychology. In addition to advancing psychological science, he also had profound impact in other fields such as literature, art and philosophy where many artists found inspiration in his works. For instance, Freudian themes can be seen throughout James Joyce’s novel Ulysses as well as works by Franz Kafka (Moore & Siegelman 2000). Even though Freud remains highly revered today by professional psychologists who utilize aspects of his theories in their practice - critics still argue that some of his claims lack empirical evidence or are overly reductionist (Hagerty et al., 2010). Nevertheless, there is no denying that Freud played a revolutionary role in advancing psychology beyond its infancy stage.