Pulmonary Function

 

D.R. is a 27-year-old man, who presents to the nurse practitioner at the Family Care Clinic complaining of increasing SOB, wheezing, fatigue, cough, stuffy nose, watery eyes, and postnasal drainage—all of which began four days ago. Three days ago, he began monitoring his peak flow rates several times a day. His peak flow rates have ranged from 65-70% of his regular baseline with nighttime symptoms for 3 nights on the last week and often have been at the lower limit of that range in the morning. Three days ago, he also began to self-treat with frequent albuterol nebulizer therapy. He reports that usually his albuterol inhaler provides him with relief from his asthma symptoms, but this is no longer enough treatment for this asthmatic episode.
Case Study Questions

According to the case study information, how would you classify the severity of D.R. asthma attack?
Name the most common triggers for asthma in any given patients and specify in your answer which ones you consider applied to D.R. on the case study.
Based on your knowledge and your research, please explain the factors that might be the etiology of D.R. being an asthmatic patient.
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Homeostasis:
Ms. Brown is a 70-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus who has been too ill to get out of bed for 2 days. She has had a severe cough and has been unable to eat or drink during this time. On admission, her laboratory values show the following:

Serum glucose 412 mg/dL
Serum sodium (Na+) 156 mEq/L
Serum potassium (K+) 5.6 mEq/L
Serum chloride (Cl–) 115 mEq/L
Arterial blood gases (ABGs): pH 7.30; PaCO2 32 mmHg; PaO2 70 mmHg; HCO3– 20 mEq/L
Case Study Questions

Based on Ms. Brown admission’s laboratory values, could you determine what type of water and electrolyte imbalance does she has?
Describe the signs and symptoms to the different types of water imbalance and described clinical manifestation she might exhibit with the potassium level she has.
In the specific case presented which would be the most appropriate treatment for Ms. Brown and why?
What the ABGs from Ms. Brown indicate regarding her acid-base imbalance?
Based on your readings and your research define and describe Anion Gaps and its clinical significance.

Sample Solution

PFTs (pulmonary function tests) are noninvasive examinations that demonstrate how effectively the lungs are functioning. The examinations gauge lung size, function, flow rates, and gas exchange. Your healthcare professional may use this information to diagnose and treat some lung conditions. Pulmonary function tests, or PFTs, may be performed for a variety of different reasons. They are occasionally performed on healthy individuals as a standard part of a physical. They are also often carried out to ensure employee health in several work contexts (such as graphite factories and coal mines). You might also have PFTs if your doctor requires assistance in making a diagnosis, such as one of the following:

done to each other, to pass judgment on the activities after a conflict. For instance, one can’t just nuke the psychological militant gatherings all through the center east, since it isn’t just corresponding, it will harm the entire populace, an unseen side-effect. All the more critically, the troopers should have the right aim in the thing they will accomplish, forfeiting the expenses for their activities. For instance: to execute all detainees of war, they should do it for the right goal and for a worthwhile motivation, corresponding to the damage done to them. This is upheld by Vittola: ‘not generally legitimate to execute all soldiers… we should consider… size of the injury incurred by the foe.’ This is additionally upheld by Frowe approach, which is much more upright than Vittola’s view however infers similar plans: ‘can’t be rebuffed essentially for battling.’ This implies one can’t just rebuff another in light of the fact that they have been a warrior. They should be treated as empathetically as could really be expected. Nonetheless, the circumstance is raised on the off chance that killing them can prompt harmony and security, inside the interests, everything being equal. By and large, jus in bello proposes in wars, damage must be utilized against warriors, never against the guiltless. In any case, eventually, the point is to lay out harmony and security inside the region. As Vittola’s decision: ‘the quest for equity for which he battles and the safeguard of his country’ is the thing countries ought to be battling for in wars (Begby et al (2006b), Page 332). In this way, albeit the present world has created, we can see not very different from the pioneer accounts on fighting and the traditionists, giving one more part of the hypothesis of the simply war. In any case, we can in any case presume that there can’t be one authoritative hypothesis of the simply war hypothesis in light of its normativity.

Jus post bellum
At last, jus post bellum proposes that the moves we ought to initiate after a conflict (Frowe (2010), Page 208). Vittola, first and foremost, contends after a conflict, it is the obligation of the pioneer to judge how to manage the foe (Begby et al (2006b), Page 332).. Once more, proportionality is stressed. For instance, the Versailles arrangement forced after the First World War is tentatively excessively brutal, as it was not all Germany’s problem for the conflict. This is upheld by Frowe, who communicates two perspectives in jus post bellum: Minimalism and Maximalism, which are very varying perspectives. Minimalists recommend a more indulgent methodology while maximalist, supporting the above model, gives a crueler methodology, rebuffing the foe both monetarily and strategically (Frowe (2010), Page 208). At the last case, be that as it may, the point of war is to lay out harmony security, so whatever should be done can

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