R Programming

g leader-member relations, if the group are familiar and trusting of the leader policy implementation becomes much simpler. Similarly to leadership, understanding and adapting to the situation is key to a leader being able to implement policies that ensure a group work as a team. Teamwork is a product of good leadership, and is again the responsibility of the leader to ensure the group are working successfully together. Highly functioning teams are essential within organisations to increase productivity and member satisfaction, by utilising the talents of all group members effectively within the constraints of the task, personal relationships and the group goals (Pettinger, 2007). Figure 2: Tuckman’s Model of Group Development (Agile Scrum Guide, 2019) Tuckman in his Model of Group Development provides easily identifiable stages that a groups performance can be measured against, making it useful for monitoring performance, Figure 2 shows Tuckman’s model. Ranking group performance against this scale can provide leaders with a clear understanding of how the group are functioning, allowing them to implement policies to change this if performance is unsatisfactory (Pettinger, 2007). Within organisations, the theory can be loosely applied to creating teams by grouping familiar individuals with the aim that they will reach the norming and performing stage of the model quicker. For short and simple tasks this is an extremely effective way of organising groups, due to the increased short term productivity. However there are significant issues with grouping individuals in this manner, particularly when tasks become more complex, and ultimately the model should mainly be use

Sample Solution

Applications of R in medicine, and specifically among clinical laboratories, are growing due to increased visibility of R`s versatile and availability of relevant, focused training. As a statistical programming language, R allows laboratories and others to transform and analyze data and communicate results. It includes a wide variety of capabilities that provide greater functionality for working with data than Microsoft Excel and other commercial data analysis programs. R uses text-based commands to process data, and as such it functions as a full-fledged programming language for the advanced user. R`s reliance on text-based structure makes it straightforward to review at any time the commands used in a data processing pipeline to ensure that the correct steps were taken.