“Real vs. Illusory Effects”

 

 

o you think the problems discussed in the “Real vs. Illusory Effects” lecture series (especially in Part 7)
about the replication crisis, file drawer problem, multiple comparisons, and p-hacking are particularly likely in
a certain area/field of research? Why? Or, why not? What about a certain research design (survey, experiment,
etc.)? Why? Or, why not? Apply course material to help support your answer.
2. Have a friend or family member read this article – https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21504366/sciencereplication-crisis-peer-review-statistics. Then interview them. You can ask any questions you like, but get a sense
of if they sound like a Candide, skeptic, or Skeptic after reading the article. Then explain why you believe they fit
into one of the three categories. Apply course material to help support your answer.
3. Give your friend or family member one piece of advice from the course that you think is the best advice for
approaching new evidence. Specifically, what is something from the course that you would tell them to use when
evaluating evidence in the future and why? Apply course material to help support your answer.
4. What did your friend or family member think about the advice you gave them in #3? Did the advice change their
mind for how they will approach new evidence in the future? If yes, how so and why? If no, why not?
5. Imagine that you and a group of people are presented with some new evidence trying to convince you of
something. (Could be anything – taking a new medication, buying a certain kind of car, which dog breed is the
best, etc.) Based on your interview and discussion with your friend or family member, how will you approach
talking about evaluating new evidence with this group of people? Specifically, what is your strategy for how to
discuss “becoming a better research consumer” with them? Apply course material to help support your
answer.

Sample Solution

The “Real vs. Illusory Effects” lecture series by Dr. John Ioannidis discusses the replication crisis, file drawer problem, multiple comparisons and p-hacking as potential issues that may arise in research studies. I believe these problems are particularly likely to occur in certain areas of research such as medicine or psychology due to the high stakes involved and the difficulty of controlling for all variables (Girden & Meehl, 1996). In fields such as medicine and psychology where results can have an immediate impact on people’s lives, researchers often feel pressured to produce positive results which could lead them to use questionable tactics such as p-hacking or data dredging (Berger et al., 2019). Additionally, it is difficult for researchers in these fields to avoid bias due to their personal beliefs which could result in cherry picking data or glossing over any negative findings (Ioannidis 2018). This tendency is only exacerbated by publication pressures leading researchers into a cycle of confirmation bias.

Furthermore, due to the complexity of medical treatments and psychological phenomena it is almost impossible for researchers in those fields to accurately control for all factors related to their experiments leaving room for error (MacCallum et al., 2002). This issue is compounded further when dealing with human subjects who can behave unpredictably compared with animals used in more traditional scientific experiments, making replicating previous results even more challenging (Simmons et al., 2011). All these various challenges make fields like medicine and psychology prone towards issues arising from the replication crisis as well as other methodological flaws discussed by Dr. Ioannidis.

In conclusion, while not exclusive too specific areas/fields of research ,the probability that issues raised during the “Real vs Illusory Effects” lecture series will arise increases significantly when working with complex topics such as medical treatments and psychological effects especially when they involve human subjects rather than animals .

bunch 15 to 19, north of 33% of ladies in west Bengal and 35 percent in India overall were hitched in 1991″. This recommends a young lady’s character in India is developed inside marriage as having a place with her better half early on. Young ladies were viewed as a weight, costing their folks cash, while young men were viewed as the main beneficiaries and providers once mature enough.

A worldwide survey led by Thomson Reuters (2017) evaluated India as the “fourth most hazardous country” universally for ladies. Orientation separation isn’t just discriminatory yet in addition discourages the improvement of the country. For quite a long time, lady and their freedoms have been mistreated by the strength of men. There has been proceeded with battle for the acknowledgment of lady’s social jobs and accomplishments, and for their social and political privileges. It was a lot of a man centric culture for lady, which ruined or kept lady from understanding their useful potential outcomes. They have been mistreated to where they were treated as ‘others’ (Gilroy, 1998). Accordingly, to battle against the said issues ladies play changed their part in the general public altogether after WWI. Twenty first century has gotten quite a while in the desires and perspectives of ladies. Ladies have withdrawn from their conventional job of reproducers, moms and spouses to now being workers, autonomous and decisive. Monetary pay of the family has likewise expanded prompting better ways of life. In any case, this tremendous change has hindrances as well. It tends to be contended because of both working guardians, the kids endure as their social information is fragmented. Youngsters are losing the virtues that are educated by moms. The quality time which a mother used to enjoy with her youngsters is missing and consequently the development of their way of life and character is restricted.

In spite of ladies’ liberation, there will constantly be a sad remnant of uncertainty while recruiting a female. A new report completed by the College of London (2016) uncovered that 70% of the enormous organizations are even bound to acknowledge a man, since he is a man, instead of a more experienced and skilled lady. This dependable examination demonstrates that individuals’ perspective can’t be changed, reducing ladies’ odds of coming out on top in their vocations. This is as yet evident in specific societies.

Revolutionary women’s activists like Kate Millet (1970) and Shulamith Firestone (1970) view the family and marriage as the crucial establishments in a male-overwhelmed society. Despite the development in wedded ladies working during the twentieth 100 years, a lady’s vital obligation keeps on being of a housewife job. Jonathon Gershuny (1994) found that wedded ladies who kept positions actually attempted 83% of housework. Women’s activist, Ann Oakley (1974) dislikes Youthful and Wilmott’s translation that the family is presently ‘even’ (Oakley, 2011). During her own examination on housewives, she uncovered discoveries that while spouses can give some assistance in the home, she tracked down no proof of a development towards f

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