Robert Heath (2009, p.19) explains that “public relations and the rhetorical heritage

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Option 1 Robert Heath (2009, p.19) explains that “public relations and the rhetorical heritage focus attention not narrowly on the self-interest and opinions of the organization but the person whose goodwill is needed for the organization to succeed.” Essay question: To what extent does this definition apply to the practice of political public relations in a democracy? Essay Option 2 Ancient thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, Quintilian, and Confucius have all offered frameworks for thinking about persuasive communication and ethical conduct. Essay topic: Are these Ancient scholars and their ideas relevant for thinking about the practice of contemporary political public relations? Discuss. Essay Option 3 Grunig and Hunt (1984, pp. 215-216) argued that ‘at its purest, lobbying means providing sufficient data to a legislature so that all the facts can be known before a vote is cast’. Their point is that such dialogue is often welcomed by government officials, as it provides valuable industry information to legislators and it can potentially lead to better policy decisions. However, some lobby groups have shown a willingness to use their resources to win arguments against policymakers (McKnight & Hobbs, 2013; Hobbs, 2020) which might not be in the public interest. Essay topic: discuss the role of outsider lobbying (i.e. public lobbying) in Australian democracy, assessing specific practices and their efficacy. Essay Option 4 Cambridge Analytica Ltd was a British political consulting firm which used “big data” and social media for political campaigning and have been credited wi​‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍​th helping Donald Trump win the US federal election in 2016. However, using micro-targeting for political communication is not new, with both of Australia’s major political parties using their own electoral data bases for campaigning activities. Essay topic: Analyse the effectiveness of micro-targeting and the use of big data for contemporary political public relations. Essay Option 5 Moffitt (2016) argues that “populism today has changed and developed from its earlier iterations, embedded as it is within a rapidly shifting political and media communications landscape,” (p.3). Drawing on contemporary examples, critically evaluate the role of communication and performance strategies in the success of populist politicians Essay Option 6 Despite their prevalence in Western democracies, media advisers are at times dismissed as merely ‘spin doctors’ who seek to manipulate public opinion for short-term political gain (see Hobbs, 2016; McKnight, 2016; Tiffen 2017). Critically evaluate the communication activities of media advisers and assess the value of the profession for democracies like Australia. Essay Option 7 Political public relations has been defined as: “The management process by which an actor for political purposes, through communication and action, seeks to influence and to establish, build, and maintain beneficial relationships and reputations with its key publics to help support its mission and achieve its goals” (Stömbäck and Kiousis 2019, p. 11). Critically access the applicability of this definition in regard to current trends in political campaigning, political communicat​‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍​ion and democratic processes.

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eory explained will be deontology. On the contrary, deontology does not believe the satisfactory outcome could be used to justify the action, and it is the action itself and the motivation behind it which matter. In general, deontology requires people to behave with principles and duty. Principles are the laws that people apply to themselves and cannot be broken under any circumstances, and duties are the actions motivated by the principles. As an example, an individual’s principle could be not harming others whatsoever, therefore their duties are to restrain themselves from getting into fights with others. Principles are not the same as rules, for that rules are from others, but they do often work together. Deontology indicates that it is moral when people follow their principles all the time, and the action matter much more than the consequences caused by it. Gray and Schein (2012) have set an example that in the centre of deontology, lying should be despised whether it is for a good result or not. Corresponding to principles, duties are what people “ought to do” caused by pure heart instead of benefit. The reason for setting these laws, from famous deontologist Immanuel Kant’s point of view, is humans’ ability to set “ends” and requirements for ourselves is what separates us from other animals. He explained that by resisting temptation caused by our natural instinct, humans are set free from the pressure given by nature, therefore deontology could be called Kantian Ethics. If people give up on morality, there would be no difference between humans and animals who cannot reason. In brief, deontology suggests acting on proper reason motivated by principles, and if something is wrong, it should not be done in any situation.

With utilitarianism and deontology explained, now we can apply them to fictional scenarios. One kind of scenarios is moral dilemmas. These dilemmas are full of paradoxes, most include harm to one group of characters and one action could transfer the harm to another group. The most well-know

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