uring the Early 1900’s and late 1800’s a drastic shift from agrarian society to an industrial economy occured, bringing about new patterns of production. It created new class structure, clearly separating the wealthy and working class. Factory assembly lines replaced apprentice workshops and machines replaced skilled craftsmen. Entrepreneurs Like John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie brought about monopolies and used new tactics of vertical and horizontal integration to dominate steel and oil production. Mark Twain called this time period the “Gilded Age” by this, he meant that the era was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath (Doc G) However, the domination of these companies and continuous use of vertical integration greatly impacted the upper and lower class, and benefited both sides of the economic spectrum positively.
Vertical integration was used by many thriving companies during the gilded age. This strategy decreased cost for customers by eliminating price markups associated with buying a product from a higher company. With the level of control Vertically integrated companies had, their supply chain efficiency and profit increased (Doc D). Andrew Carnegie first used this tactic in business practice and dominated the steel market with his company Carnegie Steel. John Davison Rockefeller was an American oil industry business magnate during the gilded age. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, and the richest person in modern history. His company used a different spin off of vertical integration. (Doc B) Rockefeller’s strategy of establishing a monopoly over one aspect of the production process of oil refining was labeled as horizontal integration. To eliminate his competitors, Rockefeller used his firm’s superior size to negotiate rates from the railroads that transported both his and his competitors’ oil, making it nearly impossible for his competitors to stay in business.(Doc C) This economic success occurred with a handful of businesses during the time, and shows how the tactics of horizontal and vertical integration benefited the wealthy class by giving them opportunities to become top dogs in their fields of work.