People were kidnapped from Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries, put into slavery in the American colonies, and exploited to work in the production of crops like tobacco and cotton. By the mid-nineteenth century, America’s westward expansion and the abolitionist movement had sparked a national discussion about slavery that would eventually lead to the terrible Civil War. Despite the fact that the Union triumph emancipated the nation’s four million enslaved people, slavery’s impact continued to influence American history, from Reconstruction to the civil rights movement a century later and beyond. Hundreds of thousands of Africans, both free and enslaved, contributed to the founding and survival of colonies in the Americas and New World.
tegic rivalry is gradually being carried out in the digital sphere, which is becoming more commonly recognized. The sheer number of cyber offensive actors are growing, ranging from lone wolves to state and non-state actors. Non-state actors often serve as fronts for belligerent states. The logic of cyberdiplomacy is undeniable, but its implementation is relatively recent. Diplomacy’s position in cyberspace receives much less attention in the media than reports about cyber incidents. Divergent interests, norms, and values have transformed cyberspace into a contested political environment. Diplomats also joined the game as a result of this politicization.
In that sense, cyber-diplomacy can be seen as the most recent, but especially important, instalments in the evolving role of diplomacy in the digital age. Cyber Diplomacy is also primarily concerned with institutionalizing common interests, ideas and cultural approach among states to establish and preserve shared norms, laws, and institutions. Ultimately it takes people, non-state organisations, and ultimately the global community as the subject of global social identities and arrangements to respect them, this transcendence of the state system is at the core of International cyber relations . Navigating through minds of the first generation of cyber-diplomats on the ground interpreting this brave new world is strenuous, when facing a formidable opponent, the task demands higher standards of diligence and lower tumultuousness.
Even though the context, actors, and issues of diplomatic work have changed, our core assumptions are that the basic functions of diplomacy in International Relations remain unchanged. (Full article: Cyber-diplomacy: the making of an Internatioanl society in the digital age https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23340460.2017.1414924 )
Entrepreneurs like John L. Hennessy, the chairman of Google, tend to possess “pulling power” that is difficult to match for state officials. They are the “new emperors” of diplomacy. (Full article: Cyber-diplomacy: the making of an Internatioanl society in the digital age https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23340460.2017.1414924)
Over the years, diplomacy has gradually expanded to new policy fields, entering uncharted political territories such as climate negotiations and cyber space. China and other countries have been expressing and advocating that cyberspace can no longer be controlled by the West and it it completely logical for cyber space politics to have diverse representations and it is evidently in China’s interest to represent the current power balance in the international power system. Government regulation and control over the free Internet
